{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T02:19:10Z","timestamp":1776046750881,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,13]],"date-time":"2015-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1421107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/3.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]],"date-time":"2015-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT\u00a0\u2002<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Pneumocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are fungal parasites of mammal lungs showing host specificity.\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    colonizes humans and causes severe pneumonia in immunosuppressed individuals. In the absence of\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    cultures, the life cycle of these fungi remains poorly known. Sexual reproduction probably occurs, but the system of this process and the mating type (\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes involved are not characterized. In the present study, we used comparative genomics to investigate the issue in P.\u00a0jirovecii and\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , the species infecting rats, as well as in their relative Taphrina deformans. We searched sex-related genes using 103 sequences from the relative\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Schizosaccharomyces pombe<\/jats:named-content>\n                    as queries. Genes homologous to several sex-related role categories were identified in all species investigated, further supporting sexuality in these organisms. Extensive\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    searches identified only three putative\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in each species investigated (\n                    <jats:italic>matMc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>matMi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>matPi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). In P.\u00a0jirovecii, these genes clustered on the same contig, proving their contiguity in the genome. This organization seems compatible neither with heterothallism, because two different\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    loci on separate DNA molecules would have been detected, nor with secondary homothallism, because the latter involves generally more\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. Consistently, we did not detect\n                    <jats:italic>cis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -acting sequences for mating type switching in secondary homothallism, and PCR revealed identical\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes in P.\u00a0jirovecii isolates from six patients. A strong synteny of the genomic region surrounding the putative\n                    <jats:italic>MAT<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes exists between the two Pneumocystis species. Our results suggest the hypothesis that primary homothallism is the system of reproduction of Pneumocystis species and T.\u00a0deformans.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u00a0\u2002 Sexual reproduction among fungi can involve a single partner (homothallism) or two compatible partners (heterothallism). We investigated the issue in three pathogenic fungal relatives:\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , which causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised humans;\n                    <jats:named-content content-type=\"genus-species\">Pneumocystis carinii<\/jats:named-content>\n                    , which infects rats; and the plant pathogen Taphrina deformans. The nature, the number, and the organization within the genome of the genes involved in sexual reproduction were determined. The three species appeared to harbor a single genomic region gathering only three genes involved in sexual differentiation, an organization which is compatible with sexual reproduction involving a single partner. These findings illuminate the strategy adopted by fungal pathogens to infect their hosts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02250-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,14]],"date-time":"2015-01-14T01:31:53Z","timestamp":1421199113000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Comparative Genomics Suggests Primary Homothallism of\n                    <i>Pneumocystis<\/i>\n                    Species"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. G. C. F.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Microbiol\u00f3gicos (CREM), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ousmane H.","family":"Ciss\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Recursos Microbiol\u00f3gicos (CREM), Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Philippe M.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"235","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00428-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000300004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2010.00698.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1984.tb02989.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00485.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.04.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008524"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110410-132536"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/157.3.991"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203357"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(03)00614-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(03)00914-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00986-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00191.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/657414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00055-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501918102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416014111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03448"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08252"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.04.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1988.tb02973.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"The life history of Taphrina deformans","volume":"25","author":"Mix AJ","year":"1935","unstructured":"Mix AJ. 1935. 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