{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T11:04:33Z","timestamp":1777287873287,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society for Microbiology","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/non-commercial-tdm-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI165510 & 2R01AI100291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI165510 & 2R01AI100291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.asm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["mBio"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title\/>\n            <jats:p>\n              Infections caused by\n              <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              are a leading cause of mortality worldwide.\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              infections caused by methicillin-resistant\n              <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              (MRSA) are particularly difficult to treat due to their resistance to next-generation \u03b2-lactams (NGBs) such as methicillin, nafcillin, and oxacillin. Resistance to NGBs, which is alternatively known as broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactam resistance, is classically mediated by PBP2a, a penicillin-binding protein encoded by\n              <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n              (or\n              <jats:italic>mecC<\/jats:italic>\n              ) in MRSA. Thus, presence of\n              <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n              genes among\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              spp. serves as the predictor of resistance to NGBs and facilitates determination of the proper therapeutic strategy for a staphylococcal infection. Although far less appreciated,\n              <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n              -deficient\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              strains can also exhibit NGB resistance. These strains, which are collectively termed as methicillin-resistant lacking\n              <jats:italic>mec<\/jats:italic>\n              (MRLM), are currently being identified in increasing numbers among natural resistant isolates of\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              . The mechanism\/s through which MRLMs produce resistance to NGBs remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that mutations that alter PBP4 and GdpP functions, which are often present among MRLMs, can synergistically mediate resistance to NGBs. Furthermore, our results unravel that this novel mechanism potentially enables MRLMs to produce resistance toward NGBs at levels comparable to those of MRSAs. Our study provides a fresh new perspective about alternative mechanisms of NGB resistance, challenging our current overall understanding of high-level, broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactam resistance in\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              . It thus suggests reconsideration of the current approach toward diagnosis and treatment of \u03b2-lactam-resistant\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              infections.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>IMPORTANCE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              In\n              <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              , high-level, broad-spectrum resistance to \u03b2-lactams such as methicillin, also referred to as methicillin resistance, is largely attributed to\n              <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n              . This study demonstrates that\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              strains that lack\n              <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n              but contain mutations that functionally alter PBP4 and GdpP can also mediate high-level, broad-spectrum resistance to \u03b2-lactams. Resistance brought about by the synergistic action of functionally altered PBP4 and GdpP was phenotypically comparable to that displayed by\n              <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>\n              , as seen by increased bacterial survival in the presence of \u03b2-lactams. An analysis of mutations detected in naturally isolated strains of\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              revealed that a significant proportion of them had similar\n              <jats:italic>pbp4<\/jats:italic>\n              and\n              <jats:underline>G<\/jats:underline>\n              GDEF\n              <jats:underline>d<\/jats:underline>\n              omain\n              <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>\n              rotein containing\n              <jats:underline>p<\/jats:underline>\n              hosphodiesterase (\n              <jats:italic>gdpP<\/jats:italic>\n              ) mutations, making this study clinically significant. This study not only identifies important players of non-classical mechanisms of \u03b2-lactam resistance but also indicates reconsideration of current clinical diagnosis and treatment protocols of\n              <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n              infections.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02889-23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T13:09:37Z","timestamp":1711458577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/asmj-crossmark-policy-page","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Altered PBP4 and GdpP functions synergistically mediate MRSA-like high-level, broad-spectrum \u03b2-lactam resistance in\n            <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1128","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li-Yin","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1290-1159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidhi","family":"Satishkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}]},{"given":"Sasha","family":"Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Hemmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}]},{"given":"Leonor B.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2702-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liusheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Drug Research Unit, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA"}]},{"given":"Sergio R.","family":"Filipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia Qu\u00edmica e Biol\u00f3gica Ant\u00f3nio Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal"},{"name":"UCIBIO-REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ci\u00eancias da Vida, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, 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