{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T09:32:59Z","timestamp":1778319179631,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Gut"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotic (AB) usage strongly affects microbial intestinal metabolism and thereby impacts human health. Understanding this process and the underlying mechanisms remains a major research goal. Accordingly, we conducted the first comparative omic investigation of gut microbial communities in faecal samples taken at multiple time points from an individual subjected to \u03b2-lactam therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The total (16S rDNA) and active (16S rRNA) microbiota, metagenome, metatranscriptome (mRNAs), metametabolome (high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry) and metaproteome (ultra high performing liquid chromatography coupled to an Orbitrap MS\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      instrument [UPLC-LTQ Orbitrap-MS\/MS]) of a patient undergoing AB therapy for 14\u2005days were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Apparently oscillatory population dynamics were observed, with an early reduction in Gram-negative organisms (day 6) and an overall collapse in diversity and possible further colonisation by \u2018presumptive\u2019 naturally resistant bacteria (day 11), followed by the re-growth of Gram-positive species (day 14). During this process, the maximum imbalance in the active microbial fraction occurred later (day 14) than the greatest change in the total microbial fraction, which reached a minimum biodiversity and richness on day 11; additionally, major metabolic changes occurred at day 6. Gut bacteria respond to ABs early by activating systems to avoid the antimicrobial effects of the drugs, while \u2018presumptively\u2019 attenuating their overall energetic metabolic status and the capacity to transport and metabolise bile acid, cholesterol, hormones and vitamins; host\u2013microbial interactions significantly improved after treatment cessation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This proof-of-concept study provides an extensive description of gut microbiota responses to follow-up \u03b2-lactam therapy. The results demonstrate that ABs targeting specific pathogenic infections and diseases may alter gut microbial ecology and interactions with host metabolism at a much higher level than previously assumed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,12]],"date-time":"2012-12-12T21:21:56Z","timestamp":1355347316000},"page":"1591-1601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":449,"title":["Gut microbiota disturbance during antibiotic therapy: a multi-omic approach"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Ana Elena","family":"P\u00e9rez-Cobas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00f3mica y Salud del Centro Superior de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica (CSISP) e Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Gosalbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00f3mica y Salud del Centro Superior de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica (CSISP) e Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBEResp), Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Anette","family":"Friedrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Knecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Artacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad Mixta de Investigaci\u00f3n en Gen\u00f3mica y Salud del Centro Superior de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud P\u00fablica (CSISP) e Instituto Cavanilles de Biodiversidad y Biolog\u00eda Evolutiva, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Eismann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Campus Monteprincipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, 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