{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:56:54Z","timestamp":1792681014450,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To investigate risk factors for cerebral palsy in relation to gestational age.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Design:<\/jats:bold> Three case-control studies within a geographically defined cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Setting:<\/jats:bold> The former Oxfordshire Health Authority.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Participants:<\/jats:bold> A total of 235 singleton children with cerebral palsy not of postnatal origin, born between 1984 and 1993, identified from the Oxford Register of Early Childhood Impairment; 646 controls matched for gestation in three bands: \u2a7d32 weeks; 33\u201336 weeks; \u2a7e37 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Markers of intrapartum hypoxia and infection were associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy in term and preterm infants. The odds ratio (OR) for hypoxia was 12.2 (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 119) at \u2a7d32 weeks and 146 (7.4 to 3651) at \u2a7e37 weeks. Corresponding ORs for neonatal sepsis were 3.1 (1.8 to 5.4) and 10.6 (2.1 to 51.9). In contrast, pre-eclampsia carried an increased risk of cerebral palsy at \u2a7e37 weeks (OR 5.1 (2.2 to 12.0)) but a decreased risk at \u2a7d32 weeks (OR 0.4 (0.2 to 1.0)). However, all infants \u2a7d32 weeks with maternal pre-eclampsia were delivered electively, and their risk of cerebral palsy was no lower than that of other electively delivered \u2a7d32 week infants (OR 0.9 (0.3 to 2.7)). Nearly 60% of \u2a7d32 week controls were delivered after spontaneous preterm labour, itself an abnormal event.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Inflammatory processes, including pre-eclampsia, are important in the aetiology of cerebral palsy. The apparent reduced risk of cerebral palsy associated with pre-eclampsia in very preterm infants is driven by the characteristics of the gestation matched control group. Use of the term \u201cprotective\u201d in this context should be abandoned.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.052860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,21]],"date-time":"2005-02-21T16:49:45Z","timestamp":1109004585000},"page":"F141-F146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Why is there a modifying effect of gestational age on risk factors for cerebral palsy?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Yudkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Impey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(05)70022-1"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92471-X"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550030047032"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2677"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-5456(00)00145-5"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70239-5"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70045-5"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.85.3.F170"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6931.743","volume":"308","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.10","first-page":"352","volume":"11","year":"1989","journal-title":"Community Med"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462300013064","volume":"8","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90856-3","volume":"162","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(87)90099-5"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.319.7216.1054","volume":"319","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780040405","volume":"4","year":"1985","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/PRG-100100138"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008480-199804000-00003"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.123544"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.20.2669"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14466-2"},{"key":"2025090510430822000_90.2.F141.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2000.tb13336.x"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/adc.2004.052860","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T18:06:58Z","timestamp":1757095618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/adc.2004.052860"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,21]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/adc.2004.052860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2004.052860","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,21]]}}}