{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:49:33Z","timestamp":1790048973610,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Despite a long period of development, there are still considerable variations in the spectral output, the levels of irradiance, and irradiated area provided by commercial phototherapy systems. These variations depend on the types and output of the lamps used to produce the phototherapy, along with the design of the systems, and principally on whether the phototherapy is provided from overhead or underneath.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To see whether commercially available phototherapy systems produce sufficient irradiance over the surface area of the neonate.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Surface plots of the output irradiance were made on a number of systems and used to calculate the effective irradiance on the surface of a premature or term baby, using mapped outlines.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A 10-fold difference in peak central irradiances was found between the systems tested, with a fourfold to fivefold difference in effective irradiance to the baby surfaces. Although work published over 20 years ago showed that levels of irradiance should reach 2 mW\/cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> to achieve optimal effectiveness, some of the commercial systems tested do not appear to achieve this level.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>\n                  <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Purchasers of neonatal phototherapy systems need to take into account whether the systems will produce sufficient irradiance over the area to ensure maximal effect, to keep the treatment time to a minimum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2004.068015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]],"date-time":"2005-05-04T20:13:20Z","timestamp":1115237600000},"page":"F437-F440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["The importance of irradiance and area in neonatal phototherapy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"G","family":"Hart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.1.e130","volume":"114","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(58)91849-X"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-5108(18)30579-7","volume":"17","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.58.6.406"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.90.5.674","volume":"90","year":"1992","journal-title":"Paediatrics"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1992.tb12126.x","volume":"81","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994446","volume":"12","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Perinat"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.98.2.283","volume":"98","year":"1996","journal-title":"Paediatrics"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198208000-00018","volume":"16","year":"1982","journal-title":"Paediatr Res"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.6.914","volume":"95","year":"1995","journal-title":"Paediatrics"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.11","first-page":"187","volume":"19","year":"1997","journal-title":"Paediatric Medicine & Surgery"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dicken P, Grant LJ, Jones S. An evaluation of the characteristics and performance of neonatal phototherapy equipment. Physiol Meas 2000:493\u00e2\u0080\u0093503.","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/21\/4\/306"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.13","unstructured":"Vreman HJ, Wong RJ, Murdock JR, et al. In-vitro efficacy of an LED-based phototherapy device (neoBLUE\u00e2\u0084\u00a2) compared to traditional light sources. Society for Pediatric Research Meeting, 2003 (poster)."},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.14","unstructured":"Wentworth S. Neonatal phototherapy: which device is best for your babies? A review of nine devices. UK Neonatal Association Meeting, 2002 (poster)."},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.15","first-page":"125","volume":"17","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2025090511154395000_90.5.F437.16","unstructured":"Medical Devices Agency. Neonatal phototherapy: a review including evaluations of the Ohmeda Biliblanket Plus and Medela Bilibed. MDA Report 391 2000."}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/adc.2004.068015","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T18:40:27Z","timestamp":1757097627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/fn.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/adc.2004.068015"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/adc.2004.068015"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.2004.068015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-2998","1468-2052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-2998","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,4]]}}}