{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:01:01Z","timestamp":1791856861818,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,1]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/adc.64.2.270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,22]],"date-time":"2008-12-22T22:13:07Z","timestamp":1229983987000},"page":"270-272","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Early hyperkalaemia in very low birthweight infants in the absence of oliguria."],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"L P","family":"Brion","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G J","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A R","family":"Fleischman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","volume-title":"Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1989, 64","unstructured":"Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1989, 64"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"562","article-title":"Changes in potassium in the serum and the electrocardiogram and the effect of therapy","volume":"25","year":"1959","unstructured":"Changes in potassium in the serum and the electrocardiogram and the effect of therapy. Pediatrics 1959;25:562-76.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1982.03970420042008","article-title":"Non-oliguric renal failure in the newborn. A prospective evaluation of diagnostic indices","volume":"136","author":"Grylack, L.; Medani, C.; Hultzen, C.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Grylack L, Medani C, Hultzen C, et al. Non-oliguric renal failure in the newborn. A prospective evaluation of diagnostic indices. Am J Dis Child 1982;136:518-20.","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80245-1","article-title":"A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in low birth weight infants during the first year of life: non-invasive assessment of body composition and growth","volume":"109","author":"Brion, L.P.; Fleischman, A.R.; McCarton, C.; Schwartz, G.J.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brion LP, Fleischman AR, McCarton C, Schwartz GJ. A simple estimate of glomerular filtration rate in low birth weight infants during the first year of life: non-invasive assessment of body composition and growth. J Pediatr 1986;109:698-707.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80288-9","article-title":"Non-oliguric hyperkalemia in the premature infant weighing less than 1000 grams","volume":"113","author":"Gruskay, J.; Costarino, A.T.; Polin, R.A.; Baumgart, S.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Gruskay J, Costarino AT, Polin RA, Baumgart S. Non-oliguric hyperkalemia in the premature infant weighing less than 1000 grams. J Pediatr 1988;113:381-6.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.11.1139","article-title":"Hyperkalaemia, cardiac arrhythmias, and cerebral lesions in high risk neonates","volume":"62","author":"Shortland, D.; Trounce, J.Q.; Levene, M.I.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shortland D, Trounce JQ, Levene MI. Hyperkalaemia, cardiac arrhythmias, and cerebral lesions in high risk neonates. Arch Dis Child 1987;62:1139-43.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198605000-00019","article-title":"On the pathogenesis of regional cerebral ischemia in intracranial hemorrhage: a causal influence of potassium?","volume":"20","author":"Edvinsson, L.; Lou, H.C.; Tucde, K.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Edvinsson L, Lou HC, Tucde K. On the pathogenesis of regional cerebral ischemia in intracranial hemorrhage: a causal influence of potassium? Pediatr Res 1986;20:478-80.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"ref_8","article-title":"SUMMARY We examined like and unlike sex twinning rates in Great Britain by social class over the period 1974-85. Although twinning rates are believed to have changed over that period, we found no evidence of differential change by social class, suggesting that any factors affecting twinning are widespread in the population","unstructured":"SUMMARY We examined like and unlike sex twinning rates in Great Britain by social class over the period 1974-85. Although twinning rates are believed to have changed over that period, we found no evidence of differential change by social class, suggesting that any factors affecting twinning are widespread in the population."},{"key":"ref_9","article-title":"A secular decline in twinning rates from the early 1950s until the 1970s has been observed almost worldwide, largely confined to dizygotic twinning. In Great Britain, as elsewhere, the dizygotic twinning rate may now have plateaued, with monozygotic twinning stable throughout or latterly increasing. While demographic change may account for part of these trends, the phenomenon is poorly understood. A number of environmental factors have been proposed, including changing patterns of use of ovulatory stimulants and the contraceptive pill and dietary exposures to pesticides or stilboestrol.' 2 As exposure to these agents may well have varied in different socioeconomic groups, we examined twinning rates in Great Britain, 1974-85, for any evidence of differential changes by social class","unstructured":"A secular decline in twinning rates from the early 1950s until the 1970s has been observed almost worldwide, largely confined to dizygotic twinning. In Great Britain, as elsewhere, the dizygotic twinning rate may now have plateaued, with monozygotic twinning stable throughout or latterly increasing. While demographic change may account for part of these trends, the phenomenon is poorly understood. A number of environmental factors have been proposed, including changing patterns of use of ovulatory stimulants and the contraceptive pill and dietary exposures to pesticides or stilboestrol.' 2 As exposure to these agents may well have varied in different socioeconomic groups, we examined twinning rates in Great Britain, 1974-85, for any evidence of differential changes by social class."},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"Methods and results We obtained numbers of like sexed and unlike sexed live and stillborn twins and total confinements 1974-85 for England and Wales from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) and for Scotland from the General Register Office (GRO(S)). The data were available by father's social class for legitimate births only in Scotland, but it was possible to include jointly registered illegitimate births as well for England and Wales. This allows a larger number of births to be analysed by social class in a consistent way over a period of time when the rising number of illegitimate births raises important questions of selection bias if they are excluded from social class analysis.3","unstructured":"Methods and results We obtained numbers of like sexed and unlike sexed live and stillborn twins and total confinements 1974-85 for England and Wales from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) and for Scotland from the General Register Office (GRO(S)). The data were available by father's social class for legitimate births only in Scotland, but it was possible to include jointly registered illegitimate births as well for England and Wales. This allows a larger number of births to be analysed by social class in a consistent way over a period of time when the rising number of illegitimate births raises important questions of selection bias if they are excluded from social class analysis.3"},{"key":"ref_11","article-title":"The figure shows 1974-85 trends in like sexed, unlike sexed, and total twinning rates for England and Wales by aggregated social class, indirectly standardised for maternal age in each case using the twin rates for 1974-85 as standard. Data for 1981 for England and Wales are not available. There is little evidence of a difference in the trends in twinning rates between the non-manual and manual social classes, though twinning rates are higher in the manual group. Confidence intervals around the regression coefficients for each of the three pairs of time trends confirm this (table). Although not shown here, analysis by less aggregated social class groups (I and II, III, IV and V) showed similar patterns in both England and Wales and Scotland, though with a possibly more pronounced increase in like sexed and total twinning rates in the 1980s in social class III and the combined social classes IV and V particularly in Scotland","unstructured":"The figure shows 1974-85 trends in like sexed, unlike sexed, and total twinning rates for England and Wales by aggregated social class, indirectly standardised for maternal age in each case using the twin rates for 1974-85 as standard. Data for 1981 for England and Wales are not available. There is little evidence of a difference in the trends in twinning rates between the non-manual and manual social classes, though twinning rates are higher in the manual group. Confidence intervals around the regression coefficients for each of the three pairs of time trends confirm this (table). Although not shown here, analysis by less aggregated social class groups (I and II, III, IV and V) showed similar patterns in both England and Wales and Scotland, though with a possibly more pronounced increase in like sexed and total twinning rates in the 1980s in social class III and the combined social classes IV and V particularly in Scotland."},{"key":"ref_12","article-title":"Discontinuities in the social class assignment of births because of change in the Registrar General's classification in 1979 are small,4 and statistical fluctuations due to small numbers of events will also have been minimised by restricting the analysis to","unstructured":"Discontinuities in the social class assignment of births because of change in the Registrar General's classification in 1979 are small,4 and statistical fluctuations due to small numbers of events will also have been minimised by restricting the analysis to"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/adc.64.2.270","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T00:03:38Z","timestamp":1601078618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/adc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/adc.64.2.270"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/adc.64.2.270","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9888","1468-2044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9888","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2044","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,2,1]]}}}