{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T10:54:39Z","timestamp":1794221679197,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Malawi has the highest estimated preterm birth rate in the world. The survival rate of these babies is not known. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the short-term survival of infants with birth weight below 2500\u2005g nursed in Bwaila Hospital, a district hospital, and the tertiary level Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe. The specific objectives were to calculate birth weight specific survival rates, compare the two hospitals regarding the chances of survival and review the use of antenatal corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>1496 babies were included prospectively in the study between June and November 2012. Survival was defined as discharge from the nursery or postnatal ward.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Survival was 7% for extremely low birth weight infants, 52% for very low birth weight and 90% for low birth weight (1500\u20132499 g). There was a marked increase in survival from 1100\u2005g. Survival was significantly higher in KCH only for babies weighing below 1200\u2005g. The majority of deaths occurred within the first 3\u2005days of life. Only 98 of the babies had a mother who had received antenatal corticosteroids.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>With the current resources, we suggest focusing efforts on preventing early neonatal deaths in low birth weight infants above 1100\u2005g in the hospitals in Lilongwe. The coverage of antenatal steroids for mothers at risk of preterm delivery can be improved. Further studies are needed on the quality of the obstetric and neonatal care at the hospitals and how to reduce the high rate of preterm birth in Malawi.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,17]],"date-time":"2014-12-17T00:17:57Z","timestamp":1418775477000},"page":"F150-F154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Born too small: who survives in the public hospitals in Lilongwe, Malawi?"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Anna Karin","family":"Ahls\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje Sjukhus, S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi"},{"name":"Department of International Collaborations, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elinor","family":"Spong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Motala Hospital, Motala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomsa","family":"Kafumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Kamwendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Elisabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerstin","family":"Wolff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje Sjukhus, S\u00f6dert\u00e4lje, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.3","unstructured":"National Statistical Office (NSO) and ICF Macro. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010. Zomba, Malawi, and Calverton, Maryland, USA: NSO, ICFM, 2011."},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.4","unstructured":"World bank develpment data. http:\/\/www.data.worldbank.org\/country\/malawi June 2013."},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60518-1"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.6","unstructured":"United Nations Children's Fund and World Health Organization. Low Birth weight, country, regional, and global estimates. New York: UNICEF, 2004."},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001080"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.8","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Kangaroo mother care\u2014a practical guide. Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Geneva: WHO, 2003."},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Survival in very low birthweight infants at the Unversity of Port-Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Okoji","year":"1992","journal-title":"(Abstract) West Afr J Med"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.11","first-page":"313","article-title":"Survival chances of low birth weight infants in a rural hospital in Ghana (Abstract)","volume":"46","author":"Van der Mei","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.12","first-page":"29","article-title":"Small babies on a small island: survival of very low birthweight infants in Antigua and Barbuda 1986 to 2006","volume":"59","author":"Martin","year":"2010","journal-title":"West Indian Med J"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.13","first-page":"87","article-title":"Survival rate of low and very low brith weight neonates in an Iranian community","volume":"41","author":"Vazirinejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000297771"},{"key":"2025090221465480000_100.2.F150.15","unstructured":"Howson CP , Kinney MV , Lawn JE ; World Health Organization. Born too soon: the global action report on preterm birth. 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