{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T19:54:26Z","timestamp":1793649266467,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000615","name":"Fight for Sight UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000615","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NIHR Biomedical Research Centre"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]],"date-time":"2017-05-02T20:40:29Z","timestamp":1493757629000},"page":"853-857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":344,"title":["Epidemiology of blindness in children"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"102","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct01862250","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Ameenat Lola","family":"Solebo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucinda","family":"Teoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jugnoo","family":"Rahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-1","volume-title":"Taylor and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus","author":"Rahi","year":"2016","edition":"5"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-2","first-page":"227","article-title":"Childhood blindness in the context of VISION 2020\u00a0\u2013 the right to sight","volume":"79","author":"Gilbert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e895","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0498","article-title":"Improving detection of blindness in childhood: the British childhood vision impairment study","volume":"126","author":"Rahi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12101","article-title":"Hospitalization rates of children who are blind","volume":"41","author":"Crewe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14631-4","article-title":"Severe visual impairment and blindness in children in the UK","volume":"362","author":"Rahi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-303002","article-title":"Epidemiology, aetiology and management of visual impairment in children","volume":"99","author":"Solebo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-7","article-title":"Visual function, social position, and health and life chances: the UK biobank study","volume":"134","author":"Cumberland","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/026461960302100302","article-title":"Survey of educational provision for blind and partially sighted children in England, Scotland and Wales in 2002","volume":"21","author":"Keil","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Vis Impair"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-9","volume-title":"The prevention of blindness","author":"Organization WH","year":"1973"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09782-9","article-title":"Risk, causes, and outcomes of visual impairment after loss of vision in the non-amblyopic eye: a population-based study","volume":"360","author":"Rahi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-11","first-page":"657","article-title":"Large sample population age norms for visual acuities obtained with vistech-teller acuity cards","volume":"36","author":"Salom\u00e3o","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-12","first-page":"671","article-title":"Monocular acuity norms for the teller acuity cards between ages one month and four years","volume":"36","author":"Mayer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.08.034","article-title":"Capturing children and young people\u2019s perspectives to identify the content for a novel vision-related quality of life instrument","volume":"118","author":"Rahi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.055","article-title":"Development of the functional vision questionnaire for children and young people with visual impairment: the FVQ_CYP","volume":"120","author":"Tadi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301000","article-title":"Causes of severe visual impairment and blindness in children in the republic of Suriname","volume":"97","author":"Heijthuijsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-16","unstructured":"Organization WH. Global initiative for the elimination of avoidable blindness: action plan 2006-2011. 2007."},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2014.06.004","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of pediatric eye care perceptions in Ghana, Honduras, and India","volume":"5","author":"Ramai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2012.08.001","article-title":"Is the existing knowledge and skills of health workers regarding eye care in children sufficient to meet needs?","volume":"4","author":"Kishiki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-305937","article-title":"Assessing the prevalence of sensory and motor impairments in childhood in Bangladesh using key informants","volume":"99","author":"Murthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2000.078004416.x","article-title":"Visually impaired swedish children. longitudinal comparisons 1980-1999","volume":"78","author":"Blohm\u00e9","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2013-303578","article-title":"Causes of certifications for severe sight impairment (blind) and sight impairment (partial sight) in children in England and Wales","volume":"97","author":"Mitry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-22","unstructured":"Authority HR . BCVIS2. Secondary BCVIS2, 2014. www.hra.nhs.uk\/news\/research-summaries\/british-childhood-visual-impairment-and-blindness-study-2-bcvis-2\/"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.205","article-title":"Preterm-associated visual impairment and estimates of retinopathy of prematurity at regional and global levels for 2010","volume":"74","author":"Blencowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e518","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1180","article-title":"Characteristics of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity in countries with low, moderate, and high levels of development: implications for screening programs","volume":"115","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2014-305490","article-title":"Causes and emerging trends of childhood blindness: findings from schools for the blind in Southeast Nigeria","volume":"99","author":"Aghaji","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2008.145136","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary eye hospital in Tehran","volume":"92","author":"Karkhaneh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1090003","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in a rural pediatric population in Southern India: the pavagada pediatric eye disease study-1","volume":"23","author":"Kemmanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2015-306737","article-title":"Changing trends over the last decade in the aetiology of childhood blindness: a study from a tertiary referral centre","volume":"100","author":"Ozturk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.0267","article-title":"Ocular findings in infants with microcephaly associated with presumed Zika virus congenital infection in Salvador, Brazil","volume":"134","author":"de Paula Freitas","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30776-0","article-title":"Zika: neurological and ocular findings in infant without microcephaly","volume":"387","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00039-X","article-title":"Trends and mortality effects of vitamin a deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: a pooled analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-125","article-title":"Factors associated with childhood ocular morbidity and blindness in three ecological regions of Nepal: nepal pediatric ocular disease study","volume":"14","author":"Adhikari","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","article-title":"Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010","volume":"96","author":"Pascolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700030","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity in the UK I: the organisation of services for screening and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Haines","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F280","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-310129","article-title":"Screening for retinopathy of prematurity: does one size fit all?","volume":"101","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.176907","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity in North of Iran","volume":"10","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F288","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-309137","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity screening criteria in Iran: new screening guidelines","volume":"101","author":"Roohipoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153387","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3387","article-title":"Interventions to prevent retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2015.05.002","article-title":"Role of tele-medicine in retinopathy of prematurity screening in rural outreach centers in India - a report of 20,214 imaging sessions in the KIDROP program","volume":"20","author":"Vinekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/712624","article-title":"Limitations in ROP programs in 32 neonatal intensive care units in five states in Mexico","volume":"2015","author":"Zepeda-Romero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.1604","article-title":"Validity of a telemedicine system for the evaluation of acute-phase retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"132","author":"Quinn","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2009.69","article-title":"Validation of a new retinopathy of prematurity screening method monitoring longitudinal postnatal weight and insulinlike growth factor I","volume":"127","author":"L\u00f6fqvist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20153218","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3218","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental Outcomes Following Bevacizumab Injections for Retinopathy of Prematurity","volume":"137","author":"Morin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014208197","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-208197","article-title":"Access to essential paediatric eye surgery in the developing world: a case of congenital cataracts left untreated","volume":"2015","author":"Vinluan","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142298","article-title":"10-Year overview of the hospital-based prevalence and treatment of congenital cataracts: the CCPMOH experience","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2015.01.013","article-title":"Global challenges in the management of congenital cataract: proceedings of the 4th international congenital cataract symposium held on march 7, 2014, New York, New York","volume":"19","author":"Lenhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Aapos"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580600672213","article-title":"Predictors of poor follow-up in children that had cataract surgery","volume":"13","author":"Eriksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2010.07.006","article-title":"The outcome of corneal transplantation in infants, children, and adolescents","volume":"118","author":"Lowe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2013.09.014","article-title":"Cross-sectional study on childhood cerebral visual impairment in New Zealand","volume":"18","author":"Chong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Aapos"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2013.05.008","article-title":"Epidemiology and aetiology of neonatal seizures","volume":"18","author":"Vasudevan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1482","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0724","article-title":"Neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome","volume":"133","author":"Encephalopathy ACoOaGTFoN","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/08830738070220030801","article-title":"Spectrum of visual disorders in children with cerebral visual impairment","volume":"22","author":"Fazzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.186","article-title":"Novel genetic causes for cerebral visual impairment","volume":"24","author":"Bosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1017\/S0012162206001071","article-title":"Long-term outcome of children with cortical visual impairment","volume":"48","author":"Matsuba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2013.02.004","article-title":"Prenatal determinants of optic nerve hypoplasia: review of suggested correlates and future focus","volume":"58","author":"Garcia-Filion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0420.2002.800313.x","article-title":"Optic nerve hypoplasia: risk factors and epidemiology","volume":"80","author":"Tornqvist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e653","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1825","article-title":"Neuroradiographic, endocrinologic, and ophthalmic correlates of adverse developmental outcomes in children with optic nerve hypoplasia: a prospective study","volume":"121","author":"Garcia-Filion","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.07.031","article-title":"Geographical distribution of optic nerve hypoplasia and septo-optic dysplasia in Northwest England","volume":"148","author":"Patel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.07.018","article-title":"Potential of handheld optical coherence tomography to determine cause of infantile nystagmus in children by using foveal morphology","volume":"120","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69740-7","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa","volume":"368","author":"Hartong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1412965","article-title":"Improvement and decline in vision with gene therapy in childhood blindness","volume":"372","author":"Jacobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key-10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532-62","volume-title":"Programme for the prevention of blindness and deafness, and international agency for prevention of blindness","author":"Organization WH","year":"2000"}],"container-title":["Archives of Disease in Childhood"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,26]],"date-time":"2020-09-26T06:59:50Z","timestamp":1601103590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/adc.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310532","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-9888","1468-2044"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-9888","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2044","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,2]]}}}