{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T06:09:44Z","timestamp":1789884584513,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate how the relationship of infant weight gain with adolescent body mass index (BMI) differs for individuals born during and before the obesity epidemic era.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data from two British birth cohorts, the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, n=4199) and the 2001 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, n=9417), were used to estimate and compare associations of infant weight gain between ages 0 and 3 years with adolescent outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title><jats:p>BMI Z-scores and overweight\/obesity at ages 11 and 14 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infant weight gain, in Z-scores, was positively associated with adolescent BMI Z-scores in both cohorts. Non-linearity in the MCS meant that associations were only stronger than in the NSHD when infant weight gain was above \u22121 Z-score. Using decomposition analysis, between-cohort differences in association accounted for 20%\u201330% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, although the underlying estimates were not precise with 95% CIs crossing 0. Conversely, between-cohort differences in the distribution of infant weight gain accounted for approximately 9% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, and the underlying estimates were precise with 95%\u2009CI not crossing 0. Relative to normal weight gain (change of \u22120.67 to +0.67 Z-scores between ages 0 and 3 years), very rapid infant weight gain (&gt;1.34), but not rapid weight gain (+0.67\u2009to +1.34), was associated with higher BMI Z-scores more strongly in the MCS (\u03b2=0.790; 95%\u2009CI 0.717 to 0.862 at age 11 years) than in the NSHD (0.573; 0.466 to 0.681) (p&lt;0.001 for between-cohort difference). The relationship of slow infant weight gain (&lt;\u22120.67) with lower adolescent BMI was also stronger in the MCS. Very rapid or slow infant weight gain was not, however, more strongly associated with increased risk of adolescent overweight\/obesity\u2009or thinness, respectively, in the more recently born cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Greater infant weight gain, at the middle\/upper\u2009end of the distribution, was more strongly associated with higher adolescent BMI among individuals born during (compared with before) the obesity epidemic. Combined with a secular change towards greater infant weight gain, these results suggest that there are likely to be associated negative consequences for population-level health and well-being in the future, unless effective interventions are developed and implemented.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]],"date-time":"2018-04-19T16:20:23Z","timestamp":1524154823000},"page":"974-980","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Infant weight gain and adolescent body mass index: comparison across two British cohorts born in 1946 and 2001"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"103","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0347-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001828"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.88","article-title":"Tracking of body mass index from 7 to 69 years of age","volume":"40","author":"Aarestrup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw150"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.302572"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.19","article-title":"Overweight across the life course and adipokines, inflammatory and endothelial markers at age 60\u201364 years: evidence from the 1946 birth cohort","volume":"39","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38586.411273.E0"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2011.01213.x"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2005.00183.x","article-title":"Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity in later life - a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Monteiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obesity Reviews"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250600719754"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2010.00735.x"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302263"},{"key":"2020050712425442000_103.10.974.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santorelli G , Petherick ES , Wright J , et al . 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