{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T03:05:53Z","timestamp":1789959953734,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To determine the reliability of anthropometric and body composition measurements in children with special needs.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Observational study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Specialist support schools (primary and secondary) in Manchester, UK.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n 53 children with moderate-to-severe learning disability; 30 non-standers (14 boys) and 23 standers (15 boys). Mean ages were 11 years (range 3\u201320) for non-standers and 12.4 years (range 8\u201319) for standers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Measures<\/jats:title>\n Anthropometric measures included: height\/length, segmental measures, weight, skinfolds, body circumferences and body composition estimated from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). These were measured twice, 2\u20134\u2009weeks apart.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Reliability was assessed using the technical error of measurement (TEM).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The TEM for height and supine length was 0.55\u2009cm for standers and 2.47\u2009cm for non-standers, respectively. For non-standers, the TEMs for knee height and tibial length were 0.81 and 1.57\u2009cm, respectively. The TEM for weight was 0.55\u2009kg for standers and 0.75\u2009kg for non-standers. For skinfold thickness, the TEM was smaller for non-standers than standers. The TEM for mid-upper arm circumference for standers and non-standers was 0.91 and 0.82\u2009cm, respectively. The TEM for BIA in standers and non-standers was 34.7 and 54.1\u2009\u03a9, respectively. Some measurements, including waist circumferences, were difficult to obtain reliably.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Anthropometric and body composition measurements were feasible to obtain in children with special needs. However, the reliability of these measures differs between non-standers and standers and should be considered when choosing appropriate measures.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,17]],"date-time":"2018-03-17T12:20:28Z","timestamp":1521289228000},"page":"757-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Reliability of anthropometric measurements in children with special needs"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Jane","family":"Hardy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7393-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayley","family":"Kuter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dexter","family":"Canoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020050712445607000_103.8.757.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1989.66.2.814","article-title":"Validity of bioelectric impedance for body composition assessment in children","volume":"66","author":"Houtkooper","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2020050712445607000_103.8.757.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601240"},{"key":"2020050712445607000_103.8.757.3","unstructured":"Norris B , Wilson JR . 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