{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:27:31Z","timestamp":1792787251706,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"T\u00dcFF-fund, T\u00fcbingen University Hospital"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is one of the most frequent complications in extremely low gestational age neonates, but has remained largely unchanged in rate. We reviewed data on BPD prevention focusing on recent meta-analyses. Interventions with proven effectiveness in reducing BPD include the primary use of non-invasive respiratory support, the application of surfactant without endotracheal ventilation and the use of volume-targeted ventilation in infants requiring endotracheal intubation. Following extubation, synchronised nasal ventilation is more effective than continuous positive airway pressure in reducing BPD. Pharmacologically, commencing caffeine citrate on postnatal day 1 or 2 seems more effective than a later start. Applying intramuscular vitamin A for the first 4 weeks reduces BPD, but is expensive and painful and thus not widely used. Low-dose hydrocortisone for the first 10 days prevents BPD, but was associated with almost twice as many cases of late-onset sepsis in infants born at 24\u201325 weeks\u2019 gestation. Inhaled corticosteroids, despite reducing BPD, were associated with a higher mortality rate. Administering dexamethasone to infants still requiring mechanical ventilation around postnatal weeks 2\u20133 may represent the best trade-off between restricting steroids to infants at risk of BPD while still affording high efficacy. Finally, identifying infants colonised with ureaplasma and treating those requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation with azithromycin is another promising approach to BPD prevention. Further interventions yet only backed by cohort studies include exclusive breastmilk feeding and a better prevention of nosocomial infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]],"date-time":"2018-01-23T12:20:27Z","timestamp":1516710027000},"page":"F285-F291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low gestational age neonates: current evidence"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"103","author":[{"given":"Christian F","family":"Poets","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, T\u00fcbingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501917"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00202-6"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.9.1124"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210963"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201504-218OC","article-title":"Comparisons and limitations of current definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for the prematurity and respiratory outcomes program","volume":"12","author":"Poindexter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13775","article-title":"Controversies about the definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia at\u00a050\u00a0years","volume":"106","author":"Jobe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586107"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.101.5.e7","article-title":"Early dexamethasone therapy in preterm infants: a follow-up study","volume":"101","author":"Yeh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2793"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.10","first-page":"CD001456","article-title":"Early versus delayed selective surfactant treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Bahadue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025090509580785000_103.3.F285.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh N , Halliday HL , Stevens TP , et al . 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