{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T16:21:19Z","timestamp":1777306879907,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Hospital Bad Pants Open Fund"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare postdischarge growth, adiposity and metabolic outcomes of appropriate for gestational age (AGA) versus small for gestational age (SGA) premature infants fed an exclusive human milk (HM)-based diet in the neonatal intensive care unit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Premature infants (birth weight \u22641250\u2009g) fed an exclusive HM-based diet were examined at 12\u201315 months corrected gestational age (CGA) (visit 1) for anthropometrics, serum glucose and non-fasting insulin, and at 18\u201322 months CGA (visit 2) for body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 51 children, 33 were AGA and 18 were SGA at birth. The SGA group had weight gain (g\/day) equal to AGA group during the follow-up period. SGA had a significantly greater body mass index (BMI) z-score gain from visit 1 to visit 2 (0.25\u00b11.10 vs \u22120.21\u00b10.84, p=0.02) reflecting catch-up growth. There were no significant differences in total fat mass (FM) and trunk FM between groups. SGA had significantly lower insulin level (5.0\u00b13.7 vs 17.3\u00b115.1 \u00b5U\/mL, p=0.02) and homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance (1.1\u00b10.9 vs 4.3\u00b14.1, p=0.02). Although regional trunk FM correlated with insulin levels in SGA (r=0.893, p=0.04), they had lower insulin level compared with AGA and no difference in adiposity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SGA premature infants who received an exclusive HM-based diet exhibited greater catch-up growth without increased adiposity or elevated insulin resistance compared with AGA at 2 years of age. An exclusive HM-based diet may improve long-term body composition and metabolic outcomes of premature infants with \u22641250\u2009g birth weight, specifically SGA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]],"date-time":"2018-11-13T12:35:22Z","timestamp":1542112522000},"page":"F242-F247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Premature small for gestational age infants fed an exclusive human milk-based diet achieve catch-up growth without metabolic consequences at 2 years of age"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"Chonnikant","family":"Visuthranukul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"USDA\/ARS Children\u2019s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Section of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand"},{"name":"Pediatric Nutrition STAR, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven A","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keli M","family":"Hawthorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph L","family":"Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy B","family":"Hair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.02.002"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.10.040"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2015.0134"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2010.10.005"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-6-459","article-title":"Human milk feeding supports adequate growth in infants \u2264 1250 grams birth weight","volume":"6","author":"Hair","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2001-011940"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04004-6"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042275"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12005"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-030031"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035698"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03119.x"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031239"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0913"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jfca.2001.0992"},{"key":"2025090512523769000_104.3.F242.16","unstructured":"World Helath Organization. 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