{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T03:32:22Z","timestamp":1768015942989,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","funder":[{"name":"Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme of the National Institute of Health Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the impact of breast milk (BM) intake on body composition at term in very preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Preplanned secondary analysis of the Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates Study, a 2-by-2 factorial randomised controlled trial of preterm parenteral nutrition (PN).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Four National Health Service hospitals in London and South-East England.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Infants born at &lt;31 weeks of gestation; infants with life-threatening congenital abnormalities and those unable to receive trial PN within 24\u2009hours of birth were ineligible. 133 infants survived and underwent whole-body MRI at term (37\u201344 weeks postmenstrual age).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Non-adipose tissue mass (non-ATM), ATM and ATM as a percentage of body weight (% ATM) at term.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Compared with the exclusively BM group (proportion of BM=100%\u2009milk, n=56), predominantly formula-fed infants (BM \u226450%, n=38) weighed 283.6\u2009g (95%\u2009CI 121.6 to 445.6) more, had 257.4\u2009g (139.1\u2013375.7) more non-ATM and a greater positive weight Z-score change between birth and term. There were no significant differences in weight, non-ATM and weight Z-score change between the exclusively and predominantly BM (BM 51%\u201399%, n=39) groups. Compared with the exclusively BM group no significant differences were observed in ATM and %ATM in the predominantly BM and predominantly formula-fed groups.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The slower weight gain of preterm infants fed BM appears to be due to a deficit in non-ATM and may reflect lower protein intake. Whether this pattern persists into childhood, is altered by BM fortification or later diet, or relates to functional outcomes, are important research questions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                     <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"ISRCTN29665319\" ext-link-type=\"isrctn\" specific-use=\"clinicaltrial post-results\">ISRCTN29665319<\/jats:ext-link>, post results.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,29]],"date-time":"2019-04-29T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1556529921000},"page":"F306-F312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Impact of breast milk intake on body composition at term in very preterm babies: secondary analysis of the Nutritional Evaluation and Optimisation in Neonates randomised controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"104","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn29665319","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"postResults"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5042-1151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yangmei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinxue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2093-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neena","family":"Modi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabita","family":"Uthaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Section of Neonatal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090221315500000_104.3.F306.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)82011-5"},{"key":"2025090221315500000_104.3.F306.2","unstructured":"Horta BL , Bahl R , Martines JC , et al . 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