{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:22:14Z","timestamp":1780471334505,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]],"date-time":"2004-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1080777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ard.eular.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,13]],"date-time":"2004-03-13T02:12:57Z","timestamp":1079143977000},"page":"386-394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"title":["Anti-dsDNA antibodies and disease classification in antinuclear antibody positive patients: the role of analytical diversity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Haugbro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J C","family":"Nossent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Figenschau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O P","family":"Rekvig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12393","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.26.12393","article-title":"In vivo expression of a single viral DNA-binding protein generates systemic lupus erythematosus-related autoimmunity to double-stranded DNA and histones","volume":"92","author":"Moens","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1995.tb03612.x","article-title":"Molecular analyses of anti-DNA antibodies induced by polyomavirus BK in BALB\/c mice [published erratum appears in Scand J Immunol 1995;42:286]","volume":"41","author":"Rekvig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.151.3.1614","article-title":"Antigen-specific induction of antibodies against native mammalian DNA in nonautoimmune mice","volume":"151","author":"Desai","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.173.43","article-title":"Immunoglobulin variable-region structures in immunity and autoimmunity to DNA","volume":"173","author":"Marion","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.173.6.1433","article-title":"Induction of autoreactive B cells allows priming of autoreactive T cells","volume":"173","author":"Lin","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.3.1453","article-title":"B cells process and present lupus autoantigens that initiate autoimmune T cell responses","volume":"152","author":"Mamula","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10254","article-title":"T cell autoimmunity to histones and nucleosomes is a latent property of the normal immune system","volume":"46","author":"Andreassen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1996.0381","article-title":"Monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies: structure, specificity, and biology","volume":"11","author":"Marion","year":"1997","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10739","article-title":"Anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, nucleosomes, and systemic lupus erythematosus: a time for new paradigms?","volume":"48","author":"Rekvig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib10","series-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus","first-page":"197","article-title":"Anti-DNA antibodies","author":"Khalil","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.142.9.3076","article-title":"Anti-DNA antibodies bind directly to renal antigens and induce kidney dysfunction in the isolated perfused rat kidney","volume":"142","author":"Raz","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1996.175","article-title":"Lupus autoantibodies interact directly with distinct glomerular and vascular cell surface antigens","volume":"49","author":"D\u2019Andrea","year":"1996","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V73387","article-title":"Emerging concepts regarding B cells and autoantibodies in murine lupus nephritis. B cells have multiple roles; all autoantibodies are not equal [editorial]","volume":"7","author":"Madaio","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib14","first-page":"485","article-title":"Autoimmunity against nucleosomes and lupus nephritis","volume":"147","author":"Van Bruggen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Med Interne (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3592","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.3592","article-title":"B cells are required for lupus nephritis in the polygenic, Fas-intact MRL model of systemic autoimmunity","volume":"163","author":"Chan","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.34.9.1032","article-title":"Double-stranded DNA antibodies: a comparison of four methods of detection","volume":"34","author":"Somerfield","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.40.1.45","article-title":"Detection of anti-dsDNA as diagnostic tool","volume":"40","author":"Swaak","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780260109","article-title":"Enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to native DNA. Specificity and quality of antibodies","volume":"26","author":"Eaton","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780250605","article-title":"Specificity in systemic lupus erythematosus of antibodies to double-stranded DNA measured with the polyethylene glycol precipitation assay","volume":"25","author":"Smeenk","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.44.3.246","article-title":"Lack of specificity for antibodies to double stranded DNA found in four commercial kits","volume":"44","author":"Kadlubowski","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib21","first-page":"609","article-title":"Antidouble stranded DNA antibody assays in systemic lupus erythematosus: correlations of longitudinal antibody measurements","volume":"16","author":"Ward","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02031967","article-title":"Determination of anti-ds-DNA antibodies by three different methods: comparison of sensitivity, specificity and correlation with lupus activity index (LAI)","volume":"9","author":"Tzioufas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1006\/jaut.1999.0295","article-title":"Screening tests for antinuclear antibodies (ANA): selective use of central nuclear antigens as a rational basis for screening by ELISA","volume":"13","author":"Olaussen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780251101","article-title":"The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302","article-title":"The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Arnett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360309","article-title":"Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Results of a prospective concerted action supported by the European Community","volume":"36","author":"Vitali","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00029-6","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: the clinical syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Wolfe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119373","article-title":"Experimental expression in mice and spontaneous expression in human SLE of polyomavirus T-antigen. A molecular basis for induction of antibodies to DNA and eukaryotic transcription factors","volume":"99","author":"Rekvig","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8171","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.21.8171","article-title":"Inoculation with BK virus may break immunological tolerance to histone and DNA antigens","volume":"85","author":"Flaegstad","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1515\/CCLM.2002.185","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a new automated anti-dsDNA fluorescent immunoassay","volume":"40","author":"Hernando","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.1996.0383","article-title":"Selection of recurrent V genes and somatic mutations in autoantibodies to DNA","volume":"11","author":"Radic","year":"1997","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.6.2430","article-title":"Correlation between the amino acid position of arginine in VH-CDR3 and specificity for native DNA among autoimmune antibodies","volume":"157","author":"Krishnan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-8142-6_8","article-title":"Multivalent binding and functional affinity","volume":"5","author":"Karush","year":"1976","journal-title":"Contemp Top Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/08830188909086987","article-title":"Immunochemistry of DNA","volume":"5","author":"Stollar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib35","series-title":"Fundamental immunology","first-page":"75","article-title":"Antigen-antibody interactions and monoclonal antibodies","author":"Berzofsky","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.136.3.892","article-title":"Specificity analysis of human anti-DNA antibodies","volume":"136","author":"Hoch","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00270364","article-title":"Structural requirements of DNA used in the Farr assay to detect antibodies directed against double-stranded DNA","volume":"7","author":"Pollard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.46.6.448","article-title":"Measurement of anti-DNA antibodies: a reappraisal using five different methods","volume":"46","author":"Isenberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90347-8","article-title":"Visualization of the bent helix in kinetoplast DNA by electron microscopy","volume":"46","author":"Griffith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1995.0639","article-title":"Adjacent upstream superhelical writhe influences an Escherichia coli promoter as measured by in vivo strength and in vitro open complex formation","volume":"254","author":"Hirota","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00304496","article-title":"Anti-dsDNA: choice of assay in relation to clinical value","volume":"11","author":"Smeenk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.48.9.748","article-title":"Low avidity antibodies to dsDNA as a diagnostic tool","volume":"48","author":"Nossent","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1997.tb48398.x","article-title":"Autoantibodies: markers of disease or pathogenic?","volume":"823","author":"Isenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/096120339600500604","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of anti-DNA antibodies in the serum and IgG and IgM fraction of healthy individuals, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and their relatives","volume":"5","author":"Williams","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10558","article-title":"Guidelines for immunologic laboratory testing in the rheumatic diseases: anti-DNA antibody tests","volume":"47","author":"Kavanaugh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.00939.x","article-title":"Nrf2-deficient female mice develop lupus-like autoimmune nephritis","volume":"60","author":"Yoh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.159.6.3024","article-title":"DNA-binding antibodies from viable motheaten mutant mice: implications for B cell tolerance","volume":"159","author":"Westhoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/76032","article-title":"Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in Dnase1-deficient mice","volume":"25","author":"Napirei","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib49","first-page":"1362","article-title":"Genetic dissection of SLE pathogenesis. Sle1 on murine chromosome 1 leads to a selective loss of tolerance to H2A\/H2B\/DNA subnucleosomes","volume":"101","author":"Mohan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.1787","article-title":"The major murine systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility locus, Sle1, is a cluster of functionally related genes","volume":"98","author":"Morel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00228-X","article-title":"Cr2, a candidate gene in the murine Sle1c lupus susceptibility locus, encodes a dysfunctional protein","volume":"15","author":"Boackle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052706699","article-title":"Abnormal B lymphocyte development and autoimmunity in hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha -deficient chimeric mice","volume":"99","author":"Kojima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.133.1.227","article-title":"Induction of various autoantibodies by mutant gene lpr in several strains of mice","volume":"133","author":"Izui","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.2003.016303_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2370","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.4.2370","article-title":"Fas\/Fas ligand deficiency results in altered localization of anti- double-stranded DNA B cells and dendritic cells","volume":"167","author":"Fields","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Immunol"}],"container-title":["Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003496724083316?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003496724083316?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ard.2003.016303","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T07:48:23Z","timestamp":1737445703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003496724083316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003496724083316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2003.016303","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Anti-dsDNA antibodies and disease classification in antinuclear antibody positive patients: the role of analytical diversity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.2003.016303","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2004 Copyright 2004 by Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Published by Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}