{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T01:15:06Z","timestamp":1767834906471,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,12,1]],"date-time":"1988-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":596937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1988,12,1]],"date-time":"1988-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":596937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ard.eular.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1988,12]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.12.982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,28]],"date-time":"2008-07-28T23:49:46Z","timestamp":1217288986000},"page":"982-987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Outcome of pregnancy in patients with autoimmune rheumatic disease before the disease onset."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Siamopoulou-Mavridou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.N","family":"Manoussakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.K","family":"Mavridis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.M","family":"Moutsopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Sterility and fertility rates, fetal wastage and maternal morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"1","author":"Fraga, A.; Mintz, G.; Orazco, J.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Fraga A, Mintz G, Orazco J, et al. Sterility and fertility rates, fetal wastage and maternal morbidity in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1974; 1: 293-8. observed differences were of borderline statistical significance. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to clarify the issue. The outcomes of the limited number of pregnan-","journal-title":"J Rheumatol; observed differences were of borderline statistical significance. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to clarify the issue"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"732","article-title":"Prospective study of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a multidisciplinary approach","volume":"13","author":"Mintz, G.; Niz, J.; Gutierrez, G.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mintz G, Niz J, Gutierrez G, et al. Prospective study of pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Results of a multidisciplinary approach. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 732-9.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"549","article-title":"Pregnancy in mixed connective tissue disease. Comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus. cies before MCTD did not show any remarkable differences compared with controls. A previous study found that total fetal loss-that is, the sum of fetal losses and therapeutic abortions-was significantly higher in patients before MCTD.3 In that study, however, the incidence of fetal loss (termed fetal wastage) in patients before MCTD (16% of pregnancies) did not differ from that of controls","volume":"9","author":"L, Kaufman R.; C, Kitridou R.","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kaufman R L, Kitridou R C. Pregnancy in mixed connective tissue disease. Comparison with systemic lupus erythematosus. cies before MCTD did not show any remarkable differences compared with controls. A previous study found that total fetal loss-that is, the sum of fetal losses and therapeutic abortions-was significantly higher in patients before MCTD.3 In that study, however, the incidence of fetal loss (termed fetal wastage) in patients before MCTD (16% of pregnancies) did not differ from that of controls. J Rheumatol 1982; 9: 549-55.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)91110-0","article-title":"Differences in the clinical manifestations of sicca syndrome in the presence and absence of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"66","author":"M, Moutsopoulos H.; L, Webber B.; P, Vlagopoulos T.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Moutsopoulos H M, Webber B L, Vlagopoulos T P, et al. Differences in the clinical manifestations of sicca syndrome in the presence and absence of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1979; 66: 733-6.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780230510","article-title":"Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)","volume":"23","author":"T, Masi A.; P, Rodnan G.; A, Medsger T.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Masi A T, Rodnan G P, Medsger T A, et al. Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 1980; 23: 581-90.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"686","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Obstet Gynecol We could not show any association between the presence of autoantibodies under consideration","volume":"63","author":"L, Gimovsky M.; M, Montoro; H, Paul R.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Gimovsky M L, Montoro M, Paul R H. Pregnancy outcome in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Obstet Gynecol We could not show any association between the presence of autoantibodies under consideration, 1984; 63: 686-92."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-94-5-667","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy","volume":"94","author":"L, Fine G.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fine G L. Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 667-77.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"591","article-title":"including anti-Ro(SSA)","volume":"11","author":"N, E.; E, Hughes G.R.V.","year":"1985","unstructured":"including anti-Ro(SSA), anti-dsDNA, and anti-CL 8 Harris E N, Gharavi A E, Hughes G R V. Anti-phospholipid antibodies, and any particular complication of pregnancy in the patients with ARD. In fact, a considerable percentage of pregnancies of anti-CL positive women (five out of seven) were completed antibodies. Clin Rheum Dis 1985; 11: 591-609.","journal-title":"anti-dsDNA, and anti-CL 8 Harris; Clin Rheum Dis; Anti-phospholipid antibodies, and any particular complication of pregnancy in the patients with ARD. In fact, a considerable percentage of pregnancies of anti-CL positive women (five out of seven) were completed antibodies"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"152","article-title":"Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"313","author":"D, Lockshin M.; L, Druzin M.; S, Goei","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lockshin M D, Druzin M L, Goei S, et al. Antibody to cardiolipin as a predictor of fetal distress or death in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. N EnglJ Med 1985; 313: 152-6. as full term deliveries, suggesting limited, if any, predictive value of these autoantibodies for fetal risk. This finding, though in contrast with several reports,9 18 is in agreement with others.19 20 In fact, the present data confirm our previous observations in unselected patients with ARD where, using an anti-CL assay shown to be highly specific and reproducible (by extensive preliminary experi-","journal-title":"N EnglJ Med; as full term deliveries, suggesting limited, if any, predictive value of these autoantibodies for fetal risk. This finding, though in contrast with several reports,9 18 is in agreement with others.19 20 In fact, the present data confirm our previous observations in unselected patients with ARD where, using an anti-CL assay shown to be highly specific and reproducible (by extensive preliminary experi"},{"key":"ref_10","article-title":"Textbook of rheumatology","author":"N, Kelley W.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kelley W N, Harris E D Jr, Ruddy S, Sledge C B, eds. Textbook of rheumatology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1985.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"247","article-title":"Enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgG and IgM anti-dsDNA antibodies: clinical significance and specificity","volume":"5","author":"G, Tzioufas A.; N, Manoussakis M.; A, Drosos A.; G, Silis; E, Gharavi A.; M, Moutsopoulos H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tzioufas A G, Manoussakis M N, Drosos A A, Silis G, Gharavi A E, Moutsopoulos H M. Enzyme immunoassays for the detection of IgG and IgM anti-dsDNA antibodies: clinical significance and specificity. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1987; 5: 247-53.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"297","article-title":"Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in unselected ments), we failed to show any association between the incidence of multiple abortions and the presence, the levels, or the isotypes of anti-CL antibodies.12 Apart from several methodological differences, which may account for the discrepancies autoimmune rheumatic disease patients","volume":"44","author":"N, Manoussakis M.; E, Gharavi A.; A, Drosos A.; C, Kitridou R.; M, Moutsopoulos H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Manoussakis M N, Gharavi A E, Drosos A A, Kitridou R C, Moutsopoulos H M. Anti-cardiolipin antibodies in unselected ments), we failed to show any association between the incidence of multiple abortions and the presence, the levels, or the isotypes of anti-CL antibodies.12 Apart from several methodological differences, which may account for the discrepancies autoimmune rheumatic disease patients. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1987; 44: 297-307.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol Immunopathol"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"557","article-title":"High prevalence of anticardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol","volume":"69","author":"N, Manoussakis M.; G, Tzioufas A.; P, Silis M.; E, Pange P.J.; J, Goudevenos; M, Moutsopoulos H.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Manoussakis M N, Tzioufas A G, Silis M P, Pange P J E, Goudevenos J, Moutsopoulos H M. High prevalence of anticardiolipin and other autoantibodies in a healthy elderly population. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 69: 557-65."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(79)90434-4","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy","volume":"135","author":"D, Devoe L.; L, Taylor R.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Devoe L D, Taylor R L. Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 135: 473-9.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-4-518","article-title":"Maternal and fetal outcome in neonatal lupus erythematosus","volume":"106","author":"B, McCune A.; L, Weston W.; A, Lee L.","year":"1987","unstructured":"McCune A B, Weston W L, Lee L A. Maternal and fetal outcome in neonatal lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 518-23.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"59","article-title":"Activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy","volume":"73","author":"T, Neely N.; H, Persellin R.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Neely N T, Persellin R H. Activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy. Tex Med 1977; 73: 59-63.","journal-title":"Tex Med"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780270308","article-title":"Pregnancy and systemic sclerosis","volume":"27","author":"P, Ballon S.A.; J, Morley J.; Kushner","year":"1984","unstructured":"Ballon S A P, Morley J. J, Kushner Pregnancy and systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 295-8.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3109\/01443618509067758","article-title":"Fetal loss in systemic lupus erythematosus. Association with anti-cardiolipin antibodies","volume":"5","author":"Derue, G.; Englert, H.; N, Harris E.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Derue G, Englert H, Harris E N, et al. Fetal loss in systemic lupus erythematosus. Association with anti-cardiolipin antibodies. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 1985; 5: 207-9.","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"44","article-title":"A prospective study of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) in hospitalized SLE patients","volume":"29","author":"M, Stimmler M.; G, McGehee W.; P, Quismorio F.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stimmler M M, McGehee W G, Quismorio F P. A prospective study of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACA) in hospitalized SLE patients [Abstract]. Arthritis Rheum 1986; 29 (suppl): S44.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-106-4-524","article-title":"The frequency of lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"106","author":"Petri, M.; Rheinschmidt, M.; Whiting-O'Keefe, Q.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Petri M, Rheinschmidt M, Whiting-O'Keefe Q, et al. The frequency of lupus anticoagulant in systemic lupus erythematosus. 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