{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T21:40:42Z","timestamp":1768513242883,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]],"date-time":"1993-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":741484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,7,1]],"date-time":"1993-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":741484800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ard.eular.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/ard.52.7.503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,28]],"date-time":"2008-07-28T23:49:46Z","timestamp":1217288986000},"page":"503-510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with rheumatoid arthritis."],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"A.E","family":"Henriksson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Blomquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.E","family":"Nord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Midtvedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Uribe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"141","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens in arthritis and allied conditions","volume-title":"immunology in rheumatic diseases","author":"Olhagen, B.","year":"1976","unstructured":"Olhagen B. Clostridium perfringens in arthritis and allied conditions. In: Dumonde D C, ed. Infection and immunology in rheumatic diseases. Oxford: Blackwell, 1976: 141-5."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/XVII.suppl.5","article-title":"Possible role of alterations of the intestinal flora in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"suppl:","author":"Gullberg, R.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Gullberg R. Possible role of alterations of the intestinal flora in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Rehabil 1978; suppl: 5-8.","journal-title":"Rheumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780210507","article-title":"The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"21","author":"C, Bennett J.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bennett J C. The infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1978; 21: 531-8.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"49","article-title":"Intestinal bacteria and rheumatic disease","volume":"64","author":"Midtvedt, T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Midtvedt T. Intestinal bacteria and rheumatic disease. ScandjrRheumatol 1987; suppl 64: 49-54.","journal-title":"ScandjrRheumatol"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)90352-6","article-title":"Antibodies to Proteus in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"ii:","author":"Ebringer, A.; Corbett, M.; Macafee, Y.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ebringer A, Corbett M, Macafee Y, et al. Antibodies to Proteus in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1985; ii: 305-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis associated with jejunoileal bypass","volume":"27","author":"J, Drenick E.; M.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Drenick E J, Bassett L W, Stanley T M. Rheumatoid arthritis associated with jejunoileal bypass. Arthritis Rheum 1984; 27: 1300-5."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"339","article-title":"Jejunoileal bypass arthritis. Bailliere's Clin Rheumatol","volume":"3","author":"B, Ross C.; W, Scott H.; T, Pincus","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ross C B, Scott H W, Pincus T. Jejunoileal bypass arthritis. Bailliere's Clin Rheumatol 1989; 3: 339-55."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"174","volume-title":"Intestinal flora in health and disease. Gastroenterology","volume":"86","author":"L, Simon G.; L, Gorbach S.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Simon G L, Gorbach S L. Intestinal flora in health and disease. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 174-93."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-10723-0_1","article-title":"The normal human microflora-composition","volume-title":"The regulatory and protective role of the normal microflora","author":"C, Savage D.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Savage D C. The normal human microflora-composition. In: Grubb R, Midtvedt T, Norin E, eds. The regulatory and protective role of the normal microflora. New York: Stockton Press, 1989: 3-18."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"315","article-title":"revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"C, Arnett F.; M, Edworthy S.; A, Bloch D.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Arnett F C, Edworthy S M, Bloch D A, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 315-24.","journal-title":"The American Rheumatism Association"},{"issue":"140","key":"ref_11","first-page":"659","article-title":"Therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"1949","author":"Steinbrocher 0, Traeger C H, Batterman R C","unstructured":"Steinbrocher 0, Traeger C H, Batterman R C. Therapeutic criteria in rheumatoid arthritis. JAAMA 1949; 140: 659-62.","journal-title":"JAAMA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.45.6.475","article-title":"Gastrin, gastric acid secretion and gastric microflora in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"45","author":"C-E, Johansson C.; R, Gullberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Henriksson K, Uvnas-Moberg K, Nord C-E, Johansson C, Gullberg R. Gastrin, gastric acid secretion and gastric microflora in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45: 475-83.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"71","article-title":"Studies on the intestinal flora. I. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract","volume-title":"healthy and achlorhydric persons. Gastroenterology 1969; 56","author":"S, Drasar B.; M, Shiner; M, McLeod G.","unstructured":"Drasar B S, Shiner M, McLeod G M. Studies on the intestinal flora. I. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy and achlorhydric persons. Gastroenterology 1969;56:71-9."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref_14","first-page":"51","article-title":"Comparison of auranofin and aurothioglucose in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a single blind study. Clin Rheumatol","volume":"3","author":"M, Van Riel P.L.C.; A, Van De Putte L.B.; J, Gribnau F.W.; D, Macrae K.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Van Riel P L C M, Van De Putte L B A, Gribnau F W J, Macrae K D. Comparison of auranofin and aurothioglucose in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a single blind study. Clin Rheumatol 1984; 3 (suppl 1): 51-6."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"393","article-title":"Clinical studies with an articular index for the assessment of joint tenderness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"37","author":"M, Ritchie D.; A, Boyle J.; M, McInnes J.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Ritchie D M, Boyle J A, McInnes J M, et al. Clinical studies with an articular index for the assessment of joint tenderness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Med 1968; 37: 393-406.","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"263","article-title":"Assessing disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; use of a Swedish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire","volume":"17","author":"Ekdahl, C.; Eberhardt, K.; Andersson, I.; Svensson, B.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ekdahl C, Eberhardt K, Andersson I, Svensson B. Assessing disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis; use of a Swedish version of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Scand7 Rheumatol 1988; 17: 263-71."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2177\/jsci.1.P1","article-title":"A WHO collaborative study for the evaluation of eighteen methods for detecting immune complex in serum","volume":"1","author":"H, Lambert P.; J, Dixon F.; H, Zabler R.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lambert P H, Dixon F J, Zabler R H, et al. A WHO collaborative study for the evaluation of eighteen methods for detecting immune complex in serum. J Clin Immunol 1978; 1:1-5.","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.1973.12096719","article-title":"Assessment of the relationship between gastric secretory capacity and jejunal bacteriology","volume":"8","author":"Frederiksen, W.; Bruusgaard, A.; Hess Thaysen, E.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Frederiksen W, Bruusgaard A, Hess Thaysen E. Assessment of the relationship between gastric secretory capacity and jejunal bacteriology. Scand J Gastroenterol 1973; 8: 353-9.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.8.620","article-title":"Effects of prostaglandin E2 on disease activity, gastric secretion and intestinal permeability, and morphology in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"47","author":"K, Henriksson A.E.; C, Tagesson; A, Uribe","year":"1988","unstructured":"Henriksson A E K, Tagesson C, Uribe A, et al. Effects of prostaglandin E2 on disease activity, gastric secretion and intestinal permeability, and morphology in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1988; 47: 620-7.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"233","article-title":"Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man","volume":"11","author":"Heimdahl, A.; E, Nord C.","year":"1979","unstructured":"Heimdahl A, Nord C E. Effect of phenoxymethylpenicillin and clindamycin on the oral, throat and faecal microflora of man. ScandJlInfectDis 1979;11: 233-42.","journal-title":"ScandJlInfectDis"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-198807000-00014","article-title":"Development of five metabolic activities associated with the intestinal microflora of healthy infants","volume":"7","author":"C, Midtvedt A.; B, Carlstedt-Duke; E, Norin K.; H, Saxerholt; T, Midtvedt","year":"1988","unstructured":"Midtvedt A C, Carlstedt-Duke B, Norin K E, Saxerholt H, Midtvedt T. Development of five metabolic activities associated with the intestinal microflora of healthy infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1988; 7: 559-67.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528109182001","article-title":"Influence of three antimicrobial agents-Penicillin, Metronidazole, and Doxycyclin-on the intestinal microflora of healthy humans","volume":"16","author":"Bjomeklett, A.; Midtvedt, T.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bjomeklett A, Midtvedt T. Influence of three antimicrobial agents-Penicillin, Metronidazole, and Doxycyclin-on the intestinal microflora of healthy humans. Scand Gastroenterol 1981; 16: 473-80.","journal-title":"Scand Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.123.2.413","article-title":"Isolated fecal microorganisms capable of 7 alfa-dehydroxylating bile acids","volume":"123","author":"E, Gustafsson B.; T, Midtvedt; A, Norman","year":"1966","unstructured":"Gustafsson B E, Midtvedt T, Norman A. Isolated fecal microorganisms capable of 7 alfa-dehydroxylating bile acids.J Exp Med 1966; 123: 413-32.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)80068-5","article-title":"Breath test for altered bile-acid metabolism","volume":"ii:","author":"Fromm, H.; F, Hofmann A.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fromm H, Hofmann A F. Breath test for altered bile-acid metabolism. Lancet 1971; ii: 621-5.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref_25","first-page":"113","article-title":"Small bowel flora in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"28","author":"P, O.'Connor M.; P, Nunes D.; P, Marin; P, Keane C.; G, Weir D.; B, Casey E.","year":"1989","unstructured":"O'Connor M P, Nunes D P, Marin P, Keane C P, Weir D G, Casey E B. Small bowel flora in rheumatoid arthritis. Br Rheumatol 1989; 28 (suppl 2): 113.","journal-title":"Br Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/00365526809179910","article-title":"Correlation between gastric acid secretion and histology in Indian subjects","volume":"3","author":"G, Desai H.; V, Borkar A.; N, Jeejeebhoy K.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Desai H G, Borkar A V, Jeejeebhoy K N. Correlation between gastric acid secretion and histology in Indian subjects. ScandJ Gastroenterol 1968; 3: 509-12.","journal-title":"ScandJ Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.8.6.574","article-title":"Influence of gastric pH on gastric and jejunal flora","volume":"8","author":"A, Gray J.D.; M, Shiner","year":"1967","unstructured":"Gray J D A, Shiner M. Influence of gastric pH on gastric and jejunal flora. Gut 1967; 8: 574-81.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.13.4.251","article-title":"Gastric acid barrier to ingested microorganisms in man: studies in vivo and in vitro","volume":"13","author":"A, Giannella R.; A, Broitman S.; N, Zamcheck","year":"1972","unstructured":"Giannella R A, Broitman S A, Zamcheck N. Gastric acid barrier to ingested microorganisms in man: studies in vivo and in vitro. Gut 1972; 13: 251-6.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01297133","article-title":"Fasting gastric pH and its relationship to true hypochlorhydria in humans","volume":"36","author":"Feldman, M.; Bamett, C.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Feldman M, Bamett C. Fasting gastric pH and its relationship to true hypochlorhydria in humans. Dig Dis Sci 1991; 36: 866-9.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.10.1331","article-title":"Fasting hypochlorhydria with Gram positive gastric flora is highly prevalent in healthy old people","volume":"33","author":"Husebye, E.; Skar, V.; Ho1verstad, T.; Melby, K.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Husebye E, Skar V, Ho1verstad T, Melby K. Fasting hypochlorhydria with Gram positive gastric flora is highly prevalent in healthy old people. Gut 1992; 33: 1331-7.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.7.987","article-title":"Non-immunological defence mechanisms of the gut","volume":"33","author":"A, Sarker S.; K, Gyr","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sarker S A, Gyr K. Non-immunological defence mechanisms of the gut. Gut 1992; 33: 987-93.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1990.tb00488.x","article-title":"Effect of mefenamic acid on bowel transit time in healthy adult volunteers","volume":"4","author":"U, Rashid M.; N, Bateman D.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rashid M U, Bateman D N. Effect of mefenamic acid on bowel transit time in healthy adult volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1990; 4: 417-22.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"231","article-title":"Bacterial overgrowth","volume":"85","author":"Kirsch, M.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kirsch M. Bacterial overgrowth. Am Gastroenterol 1990; 85: 231-7.","journal-title":"Am Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01307735","article-title":"Indomethacin accelerates clearance of labelled cells and increases DNA synthesis in gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat","volume":"37","author":"Uribe, A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Uribe A. Indomethacin accelerates clearance of labelled cells and increases DNA synthesis in gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37: 403-8.","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1159\/000199424","article-title":"Cell proliferation of the rat gastrointestinal mucosa after treatment with E2 prostaglandins and indomethacin","volume":"36","author":"Uribe, A.; Johansson, C.; Rubio, C.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Uribe A, Johansson C, Rubio C. Cell proliferation of the rat gastrointestinal mucosa after treatment with E2 prostaglandins and indomethacin. Digestion 1987; 36: 238-45.","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(84)92739-9","article-title":"Intestinal permeability and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis; effects of nonsteroidal anti-flammatory drugs","volume":"ii:","author":"Bjarnason, I.; Williams, P.; So, A.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bjarnason I, Williams P, So A, et al. Intestinal permeability and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis; effects of nonsteroidal anti-flammatory drugs. Lancet 1984; ii: 1171-4.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(87)90909-7","article-title":"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug induced intestinal inflammation in humans","volume":"93","author":"Bjarnason, I.; Zanelli, G.; Smith, T.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bjarnason I, Zanelli G, Smith T, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug induced intestinal inflammation in humans. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 480-9.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.33.9.1204","article-title":"Metronidazole reduces intestinal inflammation and blood loss in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced enteropathy","volume":"33","author":"Bjarnason, I.; Hayllar, J.; Smethurst, P.; Price, A.; J, Gumpel M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Bjarnason I, Hayllar J, Smethurst P, Price A, Gumpel M J. Metronidazole reduces intestinal inflammation and blood loss in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced enteropathy. Gut 1992; 33: 1204-8.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"206","article-title":"Metronidazole, but not misoprostol, prevents the increase in human intestinal permeability produced by indomethacin","volume":"100","author":"R, Davies G.; S, Ramptom D.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Davies G R, Ramptom D S. Metronidazole, but not misoprostol, prevents the increase in human intestinal permeability produced by indomethacin. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: A206.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"331","article-title":"Resistence of germ-free rats to indomethacin-induced lesions","volume":"14","author":"Robert, A.; Asano, T.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Robert A, Asano T. Resistence of germ-free rats to indomethacin-induced lesions. Prostaglandins 1977; 14: 331-41.","journal-title":"Prostaglandins"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032170","article-title":"A controlled study of the exocrine pancreatic function in Sj6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Gobelet, C.; C, Gerster J.; Rappoport, G.; A, Hiroz C.; Maeder, E.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gobelet C, Gerster J C, Rappoport G, Hiroz C A, Maeder E. A controlled study of the exocrine pancreatic function in Sj6gren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 1983; 2: 139-43.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"50","article-title":"Physiology","author":"A, Harper A.; T, Scratcherd","year":"1979","unstructured":"Harper A A, Scratcherd T. Physiology. In: Howat T H, Sarles H, eds. Exocrine pancreas. London: Saunders, 1979; 50-85."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00393669","article-title":"The resident faecal flora is determined by genetic characteristics of the host. Implications for Crohn's disease?","volume":"49","author":"P, Van De Merwe J.; H, Stegeman J.; P, Hazenberg M.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Van De Merwe J P, Stegeman J H, Hazenberg M P. The resident faecal flora is determined by genetic characteristics of the host. Implications for Crohn's disease? Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1983; 49: 119-24.","journal-title":"Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"692","article-title":"Clinical and genetic characteristics of upper gastrointestinal disease in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"L, Semble E.; A, Turner R.; C, Wu W.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Semble E L, Turner R A, Wu W C. Clinical and genetic characteristics of upper gastrointestinal disease in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1987; 14: 692-9.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"406","article-title":"Arthritis and enteritis-an interface of protean manifestations","volume":"14","author":"D, Inman R.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Inman R D. Arthritis and enteritis-an interface of protean manifestations. JRheumatol 1987; 14: 406-10.","journal-title":"JRheumatol"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90076-1","article-title":"Causes of arthritis","volume":"ii:","author":"A, Brewerton D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brewerton D A. Causes of arthritis. Lancet 1988; ii: 1063-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.1985.tb00851.x","article-title":"Reverse effect of gram-positive bacteria vs. gramnegative bacteria on adjuvant-induced arthritis in germfree rats","volume":"29","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kohashi 0, Kohashi Y, Takahashi T, Ozawa A, Shigemetsu N. Reverse effect of gram-positive bacteria vs. gramnegative bacteria on adjuvant-induced arthritis in germfree rats. Microbiol Immunol 1985; 29: 487-97.","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.51.1.240-249.1986","article-title":"Arthropathic properties of cell wall polymers from normal flora bacteria","volume":"51","author":"A, Stimpson S.; B, Brown R.; K, Anderle S.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Stimpson S A, Brown R B, Anderle S K, et al. Arthropathic properties of cell wall polymers from normal flora bacteria. Infect Immun 1986; 51: 240-9.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"235","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability to polysucrose in NSAID-treated patients. EurJ7 Gastroenterol Hepatol","volume":"4","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oman H, Henriksson K, Blomquist L, Johansson S G 0. Increased intestinal permeability to polysucrose in NSAID-treated patients. EurJ7 Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 4: 235-40."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3109\/10408368409165785","article-title":"Breath tests in the diagnosis of small intestine bacterial overgrowth","volume":"21","author":"E, King C.; P, Toskes P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"King C E, Toskes P P. Breath tests in the diagnosis of small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1984; 21: 269-81.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529008999224","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of the small bowel evaluated by breath tests, 75Se-labelled homocholic-tauro acid, and scanning electron microscopy","volume":"25","year":"1990","unstructured":"Suhr 0, Danielsson A, Horstedt P, Stenling R. Bacterial contamination of the small bowel evaluated by breath tests, 75Se-labelled homocholic-tauro acid, and scanning electron microscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 841-52.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-10723-0_13","article-title":"The normal microflora and intestinal enzymes","volume-title":"The regulatory and protective role of the normal microflora","author":"E, Norin K.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Norin K E. The normal microflora and intestinal enzymes. In: Grubb R, Midtvedt T, Norin E, eds. The regulatory and protective role of the normal microflora. New York: Stockton Press, 1989: 219-37."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000197543","article-title":"Enterokinase in contaminated small-bowel syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Rutgeerts, L.; Mainguet, P.; Tytgat, G.; Eggermont, E.","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rutgeerts L, Mainguet P, Tytgat G, Eggermont E. Enterokinase in contaminated small-bowel syndrome. Digestion 1974; 10: 249-54.","journal-title":"Digestion"}],"container-title":["Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000349672403276X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S000349672403276X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ard.52.7.503","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T06:22:08Z","timestamp":1738304528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S000349672403276X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S000349672403276X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.52.7.503","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.52.7.503","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.52.12.895-a","name":"associatedlink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to the associated document"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1993 \u00a9 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology, EULAR. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}