{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:37:46Z","timestamp":1792820266347,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]],"date-time":"1997-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":870393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,8,1]],"date-time":"1997-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":870393600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ard.eular.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]},"DOI":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,5]],"date-time":"2008-12-05T19:32:33Z","timestamp":1228505553000},"page":"463-469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":239,"title":["Cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis severity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Kenneth G","family":"Saag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R","family":"Cerhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheela","family":"Kolluri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenjirou","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W","family":"Hunninghake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(88)90013-3","article-title":"Influence of prognostic features on the final outcome in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"17","author":"Van der Heijde","year":"1988","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780320218","article-title":"Radiologic assessment as an outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"32","author":"Sharp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6020.1243","article-title":"Prognostic value of early features in rheumatoid disease.","volume":"1","author":"Fleming","year":"1976","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.36.3.274","article-title":"Relationship of radiological change to clinical outcome in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"36","author":"Brook","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780290406","article-title":"The development of disability in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"29","author":"Sherrer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib6","first-page":"585","article-title":"Evidence of significant radiographic damage in rheumatoid arthritis within the first 2 years of disease.","volume":"16","author":"Fuchs","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370408","article-title":"The mortality of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"37","author":"Wolfe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(73)90040-5","article-title":"The extra-articular features of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic analysis of 127 cases.","volume":"54","author":"Gordon","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(58)90164-4","article-title":"Psychosocial factors in the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"7","author":"King","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Chron Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib10","series-title":"Population studies of the rheumatic diseases.","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis in US adults 1960-2.","author":"Engle","year":"1968"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780300504","article-title":"The work dynamics of the person with rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"30","author":"Yelin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9681(85)90095-5","article-title":"Formal education as a marker for increased mortality and morbidity in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"38","author":"Pincus","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Chron Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.53.12.803","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors and the outcome of rheumatoid arthritis in young women.","volume":"53","author":"Vilet Vlieland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360502","article-title":"Marital status and the progression of functional disability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"36","author":"Ward","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.12.980","article-title":"Lifestyle and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption.","volume":"49","author":"Hazes","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-7824(87)90082-5","article-title":"Oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking and other factors in relation to arthritis.","volume":"35","author":"Vessey","year":"1987","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199007000-00005","article-title":"Reproductive factors, smoking, and the risk for rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"1","author":"Avila","year":"1990","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib18","first-page":"1830","article-title":"Smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"20","author":"Heliovaara","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib19","first-page":"525","article-title":"Smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"5","author":"Voigt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390504","article-title":"Cigarette smoking increases the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: results from a nationwide study of disease-discordant twins.","volume":"39","author":"Silman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)91037-4","article-title":"Association of autoantibodies with smoking, cardiovascular morbidity, and death in the Busselton population.","volume":"ii","author":"Matthews","year":"1973","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.49.10.753","article-title":"Smoking, lung function, and rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"49","author":"Tuomi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib23","first-page":"25","article-title":"Normal human bronchial immunoglobulin and proteins: effects of cigarette smoking.","volume":"116","author":"Ware","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)90794-5","article-title":"Effect of cigarette smoking on Langerhans\u2019 cells.","volume":"ii","author":"Spector","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116045","article-title":"Host and environmental factors influencing the peripheral blood leukocyte count.","volume":"134","author":"Schwartz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib26","first-page":"265","article-title":"T-lymphocyte subsets in smoking and lung cancer.","volume":"126","author":"Ginns","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib27","first-page":"459","article-title":"Numerical and functional alterations in circulatory lymphocytes in cigarette smokers.","volume":"61","author":"Hughes","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/139.6.1446","article-title":"The effects of cigarette smoking on T cell subsets: a population-based survey of healthy Caucasians.","volume":"139","author":"Tollerud","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib29","first-page":"795","article-title":"An epidemiological and clinical investigation of pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"85","author":"Banks","year":"1992","journal-title":"Q J Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780391014","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis lung diseases: determinants of physiologic and radiologic abnormalities.","volume":"39","author":"Saag","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib31","first-page":"55","article-title":"Epidemiology standardization.","volume":"118","author":"Ferris","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3109\/03009748709165409","article-title":"Hand radiography of 200 patients with rheumatoid arthritis repeated after an interval of one year.","volume":"16","author":"Larsen","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib33","first-page":"265","article-title":"A new global scoring method for rheumatoid arthritis: Assessment of reliability and clinical predictive value. [Abstract].","volume":"197","author":"Ohashi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780310302","article-title":"The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"31","author":"Arnett","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749009092619","article-title":"A review of assignment criteria for rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"19","author":"Rigby","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wolfe F, Pincus T, (1995) Data collection in the clinic. in Rheumatic disease clinics of North America. ed Wolfe F, (WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA), 21:481\u2013501,.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-857X(21)00449-X"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib37","series-title":"Applied logistic regression.","author":"Hosmer","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113284","article-title":"A review of goodness of fit statistics for use in the development of logistic regression models.","volume":"115","author":"Lemeshow","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780030207","article-title":"Regression modeling strategies for improved prognostic prediction.","volume":"2","author":"Harrell","year":"1984","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib40","first-page":"1163","article-title":"A reappraisal of the measurement of disease occurrence in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"19","author":"MacGregor","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780371011","article-title":"A cross-sectional and longitudinal comparison of the Rome criteria for active rheumatoid arthritis (equivalent to the American College of Rheumatology 1958 criteria) and the American College of Rheumatology 1987 criteria for rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"37","author":"Jacobsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib42","first-page":"789","article-title":"The dimensions of health outcomes: the Health Assessment Questionnaire, disability and pain scales.","volume":"9","author":"Fries","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198302033080507","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and ulcerative colitis.","volume":"308","author":"Jick","year":"1983","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6419.751","article-title":"Smoking and ulcerative colitis.","volume":"288","author":"Logan","year":"1984","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000199478","article-title":"Time relationships between cessation of smoking and onset of ulcerative colitis.","volume":"37","author":"Motley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1993.tb00986.x","article-title":"Does smoking influence acne?","volume":"18","author":"Mills","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib47","unstructured":"Division of Substance Abuse and Health Promotion, (1994) Iowa Health Risk Behaviors, 1993 Final Report from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). (Iowa Department of Public Health), p 26,."},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib48","first-page":"920","article-title":"Depression in rheumatoid arthritis.","volume":"15","author":"Frank","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib49","first-page":"418","article-title":"Further analysis of learned helplessness in rheumatoid arthritis using a \u201crheumatology attitudes index\u201d.","volume":"12","author":"Callahan","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-7435(89)90050-9","article-title":"Validity of cigarette smoking habits in three epidemiologic studies in Utah.","volume":"18","author":"Slattery","year":"1989","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700130106","article-title":"Direct methods of obtaining information on cigarette smoking in occupational studies.","volume":"13","author":"Marsh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.1136\/ard.56.8.463_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.7.1086","article-title":"The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis.","volume":"84","author":"Patrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003496724402148?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0003496724402148?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/ard.56.8.463","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T21:52:26Z","timestamp":1740952346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0003496724402148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S0003496724402148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.56.8.463","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-4967"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-4967","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis severity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ard.56.8.463","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"simple-article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 1997 Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, Published by Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}