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During HTLV-1 infection, CD4+Foxp3+ cells are increased in HTLV-1-associated leukaemia\/lymphoma (ATLL) as well as in non-leukaemic presentations. However, controversy exists regarding the actual regulatory function of these cells. In this report, we present two cases of HTLV-1 ATLL complicated by parasitic organisms and we provide a brief review of the literature regarding FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and their role as a possible mechanism for the immunosuppressive manifestations that take place during HTLV-1 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-006574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,27]],"date-time":"2012-11-27T12:53:18Z","timestamp":1354020798000},"page":"bcr2012006574","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Are increased Foxp3+ regulatory T cells responsible for immunosuppression during HTLV-1 infection? Case reports and review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Barros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u2018Alexander von Humboldt\u2019, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Woll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u2018Alexander von Humboldt\u2019, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u2018Alexander von Humboldt\u2019, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Montes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical \u2018Alexander von Humboldt\u2019, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru"},{"name":"Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library, Houston, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases. 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