{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T11:10:04Z","timestamp":1756293004289,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is prevalent worldwide. In the past there has been steep rise in the incidence of VL in southern Europe and Africa. Factors attributed for this are economic development, a shift of the reservoir of Leishmania, immunodeficiency due to HIV infection and intravenous drug abuse. The co-infection of VL and HIV is common in southern European\u2014African countries and is proposed that it should be included as an AIDS-defining illness. VL is not only considered to be an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected individuals but it may also reactivate latent infection. This case is worth reporting as it highlights increasing incidence of VL-HIV co-infection and its sparse literature from India, changing ecology and possible evolving epidemic in the Indian subcontinent. Additionally an atypical presentation such as lymphadenopathy in VL should arouse suspicion of HIV co-infection and vice versa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-008433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,10]],"date-time":"2013-04-10T00:21:29Z","timestamp":1365553289000},"page":"bcr2012008433","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Visceral leishmaniasis with HIV co-infection and cervical lymphadenopathy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Hematology & Medical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayush","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Hematology & Medical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Tripathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Hematology & Medical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.1","unstructured":"Dedet JP Pratlong F . Leishmaniasis. In: Manson P Cook GC Zumla A , eds. Manson's tropical diseases. 21st edn. London: Saunders, 2003:1339\u201364."},{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-081X(99)00050-4","article-title":"Global control and Leishmania HIV co-infection","volume":"2013","author":"Desjeux","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.298","article-title":"Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10\u2005years","volume":"2013","author":"Alvar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.4","unstructured":"WHO. The Leishmaniasis and leishmania\/HIV coinfections. http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre \/factsheets\/fs116\/en (accessed 23 Feb 2004)"},{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200301010-00017","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV coinfection in Bihar, India","volume":"2013","author":"Sinha","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acq Immun Def Syndr"},{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90238-4","article-title":"Miltefosine in a case of visceral leishmaniasis with HIV co-infection and rising incidence of this disease in India","volume":"2013","author":"Thakur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir521","article-title":"Liposomal amphotericin B for visceral leishmaniasis in human immunodeficiency virus\u2014coinfected patients: 2\u2005years treatment outcomes in Bihar, India","volume":"2013","author":"Sinha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect"},{"key":"2025082703522675000_2013.apr09_1.bcr2012008433.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.46574-0","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis\/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in India: the focus of two epidemics","volume":"2013","author":"Mathur","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2012-008433","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T10:52:35Z","timestamp":1756291955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2012-008433"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,9]]},"references-count":8,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2012-008433"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2012-008433","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,9]]}}}