{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:54:16Z","timestamp":1775886856411,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human actinomycosis is a rare soft tissue infection caused by Gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria<jats:italic>Actinomyces israelii<\/jats:italic>, a commensal of the oral cavity. The major clinical forms of actinomycosis are cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic forms. The cervicofacial region is most commonly affected. Actinomycosis is sometimes difficult to diagnose and it should be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of numerous infectious and non-infectious diseases. We report a patient who came with tooth pain and extra-oral swelling which later on presented as multiple draining sinuses. Our initial suspicion was dento-alveolar abscess or osteomyelitis. However, a culture of the discharge and subsequent biopsy revealed actinomycetes, confirming cervicofacial actinomycosis, but presenting itself not as the typical \u2018lumpy jaw\u2019. The patient was successfully treated conservatively with a short but intensive antibiotic course.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-008733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,11]],"date-time":"2013-04-11T05:58:19Z","timestamp":1365659899000},"page":"bcr2013008733","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An atypical form of cervicofacial actinomycosis treated with short but intensive antibiotic regimen"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Kaushal Mahendra","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amol","family":"Karagir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sampada","family":"Kanitkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Koppikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042707181397000_2013.apr10_1.bcr2013008733.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01881092","article-title":"Neue Beobactungen auf dem Bebiete der Mykosen des Menshen","volume":"2013","author":"Israel","year":"1878","journal-title":"Virchows Arch Pathol Anat"},{"key":"2025042707181397000_2013.apr10_1.bcr2013008733.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-005-0030-0","article-title":"Cervicofacial actinomycosis: diagnosis and management","volume":"2013","author":"Oostman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"2025042707181397000_2013.apr10_1.bcr2013008733.3","unstructured":"Grigoriu D Delacr\u00e9taz J Borelli D . 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