{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T12:29:10Z","timestamp":1772195350973,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pneumosinus dilatans describes an abnormal dilation of one or more paranasal sinuses without radiological evidence of localised bone destruction, hyperostosis or mucous membrane thickening. Dilation of mastoid air cells also occurs rarely along with involvement of paranasal sinuses. This rare combination of unknown aetiology was reported in two cases in the literature and termed \u2018Pneumosinus Dilatans Multiplex\u2019 (PSDM). It is usually asymptomatic, and is detected incidentally on plain radiography, CT or MRI. If left untreated, it can further erode the bone leading to complications such as facial asymmetry, neurological disorders and pathological fractures. The aetiology of the condition remains obscure. Various hypotheses proposed are the presence of gas-forming microorganisms, spontaneous drainage of a mucocele, the presence of a one-way valve, dysregulation of hormonal levels leading to a disturbance of osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity. This paper describes a case of PSDM possibly secondary to hormonal disturbance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-010345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,26]],"date-time":"2013-08-26T05:53:31Z","timestamp":1377496411000},"page":"bcr2013010345","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Pneumosinus dilatans multiplex associated with hormonal imbalance"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"P","family":"Ushas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Ravi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaeson Mohanan","family":"Painatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amrita School of Dentistry, Ernakulam, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Preeti P","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine & Radiology, People's College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200011050-00008","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans multiplex, mental retardation and facial deformity","volume":"2013","author":"Hwang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/59290441","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans and multiplex: report of three rare cases and review of the literature","volume":"2013","author":"Kiroglu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.3","first-page":"619","article-title":"An observation of pneumosinus dilatans [in French]","volume":"2013","author":"Gardel","year":"1965","journal-title":"Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948709600214","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans","volume":"2013","author":"Smith","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(96)00032-8","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans: a sign of intracranial meningioma","volume":"2013","author":"Miller","year":"1996","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3109\/00016481809122008","article-title":"Pneumo-sinus frontalis dilatans","volume":"2013","author":"Benjamins","year":"1918","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh)"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215111002283","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans, pneumocoele or air cyst? A case report and literature review","volume":"2013","author":"Teh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215100050489","article-title":"Pneumosinus frontalis","volume":"2013","author":"Harrison","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31820fe30e","article-title":"Surgical correction of pneumosinus dilatans of maxillary sinus","volume":"2013","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.10","first-page":"382","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans of the frontal sinuses: two cases and a discussion of its aetiology","volume":"2013","author":"Walker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1943.00670040597005","article-title":"Mucocele of the frontal sinus","volume":"2013","author":"McNally","year":"1943","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.12","first-page":"54","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans: a rare cause of frontal sinus expansion-case report and review of literature","volume":"2013","author":"Patel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.13","first-page":"205","article-title":"Are port-wine stain and pneumosinus dilatans associated? A controlled study","volume":"2013","author":"Dogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.05.016","article-title":"Craniofacial surgical strategies for the correction of pneumosinus dilatans frontalis","volume":"2013","author":"Galie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"2025082803505441000_2013.aug26_1.bcr2013010345.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-003-0587-x","article-title":"Pneumosinus dilatans of the maxillary sinus: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"2013","author":"Trimarchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-010345","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T10:51:05Z","timestamp":1756378265000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-010345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,26]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2013-010345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2013-010345","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,26]]}}}