{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T07:10:02Z","timestamp":1756278602192,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We report a case of chronic empyema in a 63-year-old man with a history of asbestos exposure and alcohol overconsumption. In 2009, he presented with dyspnoea, exudative pleurisy on the right side with no symptoms of infection or malignancy. In 2013, the patient presented with increased dyspnoea and a massive chronic empyema had evolved. Culture of the pleural fluid was positive for <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> and anaerobic bacteria, and he was treated with antibiotics, chest drainage as well as surgical evacuation. After surgery, as the lung failed to expand, growth of opportunistic bacteria and rising C reactive protein obliged long-time treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics as well as chest drainage with daily saline flushes. The patient still suffers from fatigue, poor nutritional status and anaemia, and further treatment with chest drainage and antibiotics is planned. Advanced chronic empyema is a difficult condition with poor response to treatment, and diagnostic delay is the main cause of complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,14]],"date-time":"2013-08-14T08:29:26Z","timestamp":1376468966000},"page":"bcr2013200454","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic empyema: importance of preventing complications in the management of pleural effusions"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2013","author":[{"given":"Viktor","family":"Molander","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Allergi Kliniken, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Diakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lung Allergi Kliniken, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 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