{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:59:44Z","timestamp":1768341584994,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Silicosis from secondary exposure is not often reported. This is the first such report of a child with possible silicosis attributable to secondary exposure to sandstone mining in India. Silicosis from secondary exposure has been reported in the gem polishing and slate pencil manufacturing industries in India; however, the stone-mining industry is severely under-researched. No preventive measures have been instituted in the stone-mining industry and children are exposed to respirable silica dust when their mothers take them to their work places. Poverty and lack of accessibility to modern medical facilities promote malnutrition and tuberculosis, two known co-morbid conditions. Stone mining, an export-oriented industry, produces billions of dollars of foreign currency every year. Although there is legislation to protect workers from exploitation, employers disregard the law and the state turns a blind eye by not implementing proper enforcement mechanisms. Silicosis from environmental exposure affects the entire community that lives in stone-mining areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-209315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]],"date-time":"2015-06-23T07:39:15Z","timestamp":1435045155000},"page":"bcr2015209315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["An 11-year-old boy with silico-tuberculosis attributable to secondary exposure to sandstone mining in central India"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2015","author":[{"given":"V","family":"Murlidhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Epidemiology (NIE), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082805122657000_2015.jun23_1.bcr2015209315.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.032797"},{"key":"2025082805122657000_2015.jun23_1.bcr2015209315.2","unstructured":"National Institute of Occupational Health. Pilot survey of stone quarry workers in Jakhlaun area of Lalitpur district (U.P.). Ahemedabad: National Institute of Occupational Health, 1987:37\u201351."},{"key":"2025082805122657000_2015.jun23_1.bcr2015209315.3","unstructured":"National Institute of Occupational Health. Evaluation of health hazards in quartz crushing industry and evaluation of dust control measures. 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The Factories Act, 1948 (Act No. 63 of 1948), as amended by the Factories (Amendment) Act, 1987 (Act 20 of 1987)."},{"key":"2025082805122657000_2015.jun23_1.bcr2015209315.16","unstructured":"Government of India. The Mines Act,1952(Act No. 35 of 1952) (15 March 1952) (As modified up to 1983)."},{"key":"2025082805122657000_2015.jun23_1.bcr2015209315.17","unstructured":"Legislative Provisions Relating to Silica Exposure and Silicosis in India: The Need for Review. http:\/\/www.okinternational.org\/docs\/Silica%20Legislative%20Review.pdf (accessed Apr 2015)."},{"key":"2025082805122657000_2015.jun23_1.bcr2015209315.18","unstructured":"Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India. Planning Commission \u201cReport of the Working Group on Occupational Safety and Health for the Twelfth Five Year Plan (2012\u20132017). 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