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Multiple biopsy samples showed numerous acid-fast bacilli at direct microscopic examination. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) identified<jats:italic>M. genavense<\/jats:italic>. A CT scan showed diffuse pulmonary in\ufb01ltrates with a \u2018tree-in-bud\u2019 appearance, striking splenomegaly and abdominal lymphadenopathy. A bronchoscopy was performed, revealing typical Kaposi's lesions in the upper respiratory tract. RT-PCR of bronchial aspirate identified<jats:italic>M. genavense<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>Pneumocystis jirovecii.<\/jats:italic>Despite treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy, antimycobacterial therapy and trimethoprim\/sulfamethoxazole, the outcome was fatal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-211683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,9]],"date-time":"2015-10-09T09:57:13Z","timestamp":1444384633000},"page":"bcr2015211683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pulmonary Kaposi sarcoma and disseminated<i>Mycobacterium genavense<\/i>infection in an HIV-infected patient"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2015","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1858-676X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cindy","family":"Tribuna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"\u00c2ngela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Eira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)90397-L"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.2","first-page":"2354","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-positive patients: the state of art in the HAART-era","volume":"17","author":"Ferla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.3","first-page":"236","article-title":"Management of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma: advances in target discovery and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Dezube","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS Read"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00545.x"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02111494","article-title":"Mycobacterium genavense: an emerging pathogen","volume":"13","author":"B\u00f6ttger","year":"1904","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430040074009"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3901","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.12.3901-3905.1999","article-title":"Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium genavense: a challenge to physicians and mycobacteriologists","volume":"37","author":"Thomsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0b013e318225ab89"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200604-571ST"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008300"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.02.006"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.17.1468"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.13","first-page":"20","article-title":"AIDS-Related Cancer: New Entities, Emerging Targets, and Novel Tactics","volume":"8","author":"Pantanowitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Abstr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.14","first-page":"424","article-title":"Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma: clinical features, staging, and treatment","volume":"27","author":"Dezube","year":"2000","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.153.4.8616570"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.4.1128"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.105.5.1314"},{"key":"2025042707212446000_2015.oct08_1.bcr2015211683.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1989.7.9.1201","article-title":"Kaposi's sarcoma in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a proposal for uniform evaluation, response, and staging criteria. 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