{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T21:57:14Z","timestamp":1757541434877,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bronchial anthracofibrosis (BAF), an emerging pulmonary disease due to long-standing exposure to biomass fuel smoke, is predominantly seen in females from developing nations. BAF is known to be associated with tuberculosis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer, but the association of BAF with interstitial lung disease (ILD) is rare and yet to be highlighted. A 72-year-old woman with a 30-year history of exposure to biomass fuel smoke presented with dry cough and exertional dyspnoea. Imaging demonstrated interlobular, intralobular and peribronchovascular interstitial thickening and honeycombing adjoining the subpleural regions, suggestive of the usual interstitial pneumonia pattern. A restrictive pattern with diffusion defect was noted. Fibrebronchoscopy revealed a bluish-black anthracotic pigmentation with a narrowed and distorted left upper lobe, and apical segment of left lower lobe bronchus, confirming BAF. A diagnosis of BAF with ILD was made. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed description of this association.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-213940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,12]],"date-time":"2016-01-12T06:24:15Z","timestamp":1452579855000},"page":"bcr2015213940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bronchial anthracofibrosis with interstitial lung disease: an association yet to be highlighted"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2016","author":[{"given":"Shekhar","family":"Kunal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Pilaniya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.4.10.887"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-35-4-820"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.2.344"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5005\/ijcdas-57-3-151","article-title":"Bronchial anthracofibrosis: a perilous consequence of exposure to biomass fuel smoke [editorial]","volume":"57","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World health statistics. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2010."},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.6","unstructured":"Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. Energy sources of Indian households for cooking and lighting, NSS 66th round, July 2009- June 2010. Report No.: 542. New Delhi: National Sample Survey Office, 2012."},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0308"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2002.53.5.510","article-title":"[Clinical features of simple bronchial anthracofibrosis which is not associated with tuberculosis] [Article in Korean]","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.9","first-page":"48","article-title":"Bronchial anthracostenosis in patients exposed to biomass smoke","volume":"8","author":"Torun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turkish Respir J"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2462070712"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3132\/pcrj.2008.00003"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.12","first-page":"231","article-title":"Bronchial anthracofibrosis and tuberculosis in immigrants to Canada from the Indian subcontinent","volume":"14","author":"Hwang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.5812\/kowsar.20741804.2247","article-title":"Tuberculosis in patients with anthracosis of lung underlying mechanism or superimposed disease","volume":"13","author":"Mirsadraee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09059180.00004914"},{"key":"2025042702194452000_2016.jan11_1.bcr2015213940.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2007.63.2.139"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2015-213940","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T09:19:57Z","timestamp":1745745597000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2015-213940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,11]]},"references-count":15,"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2015-213940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2015-213940","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,11]]}}}