{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T23:55:06Z","timestamp":1788566106716,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"BMJ","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute oesophageal necrosis (AON), also known as \u2018black oesophagus\u2019, is a rare condition characterised by the necrosis of the oesophagus usually involving the distal part. It has been associated with various conditions, and the pathogenesis is thought to involve hypovolaemia combined with decreased function of oesophageal protective mucosal barriers and may be compounded by the effect of gastric secretions on oesophageal mucosa. The hallmark of this condition is characteristic circumferential black discolouration of the distal oesophagus that may extend proximally. We present a case of a man who presented with haematemesis associated with cocaine abuse. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy confirmed black oesophagus. The patient was managed with intravenous fluids, packed red blood cell transfusions, proton pump inhibitors and sucralfate suspension; however, he failed to recover. We have also reviewed the previous reported cases of AON in association with cocaine use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-225197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T07:05:32Z","timestamp":1532070332000},"page":"bcr-2018-225197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Acute oesophageal necrosis: a rare but potentially fatal association of cocaine use"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"2018","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4850-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8261-6997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hafez Mohammad Ammar","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Rauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiser","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1009121","article-title":"Idiopathic acute esophageal necrosis: not necessarily a terminal event","volume":"25","author":"Moret\u00f3","year":"1993","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1007\/s004649900875","article-title":"Necrotizing esophagitis presenting as a black esophagus","volume":"12","author":"Obermeyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3382-1","article-title":"Black esophagus: new insights and multicenter international experience in 2014","volume":"60","author":"Gurvits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.4","first-page":"2210-2","article-title":"The black esophagus","volume":"90","author":"Geller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.20.4.581"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.6","first-page":"1599","article-title":"[Esophageal necrosis of vascular origin]","volume":"45","author":"Etienne","year":"1969","journal-title":"Sem Hop"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39690-4","article-title":"Changes in the esophagus in 1,000 autopsy specimens","volume":"68","author":"Postlethwait","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(99)70058-1","article-title":"Acute esophageal necrosis: report of two cases and a review of the literature","volume":"49","author":"Lacy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest Endosc"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814318"},{"key":"2025042705371439000_2018.jul19_1.bcr-2018-225197.10","first-page":"701","article-title":"[Acute esophageal necrosis. 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