{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T12:42:18Z","timestamp":1763642538209,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A previously healthy 6-year-old boy was referred to us by his primary provider, with a history of sudden onset behavioural abnormalities including irritability, sleep disturbance and anxiety. Physical examination revealed no significant findings; further analyses were not suggestive of meningitis, encephalitis, metabolic abnormalities, toxicity or any other obvious cause. On rechecking the patient\u2019s history, an episode of throat pain 1\u2009week prior to the symptom onset was noted. Therefore, the possibility of paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS) was considered. The antistreptolysin O titre was high (1078 IU\/mL), and it increased to 1194 IU\/mL 4 weeks later, leading to a diagnosis of PANDAS. He was started on ampicillin and administered one dose of intravenous immunoglobulin. His abnormal behaviours subsided and he returned to a normal state within 48\u2009hours of treatment. This report aims to provide insights into the symptomology and diagnosis of PANDAS in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T07:24:57Z","timestamp":1548228297000},"page":"e227540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neuropsychiatric symptoms following sore throat in a young boy"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Raafat Hammad Seroor","family":"Jadah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Bahrain Defence Force Royal Medical Services, Riffa, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athar Abdul","family":"Mujeeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082801343616000_12.1.e227540.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.07.012"},{"key":"2025082801343616000_12.1.e227540.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s40474-014-0025-3","article-title":"The PANDAS Controversy: why (and how) is it still unsettled?","volume":"1","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Dev Disord Rep"},{"key":"2025082801343616000_12.1.e227540.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","article-title":"Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases","volume":"155","author":"Swedo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025082801343616000_12.1.e227540.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0148","article-title":"Clinical management of pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: part ii\u2014use of immunomodulatory therapies","volume":"27","author":"Frankovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"2025082801343616000_12.1.e227540.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmn039"},{"key":"2025082801343616000_12.1.e227540.6","first-page":"1298","article-title":"Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections (PANDAS): a case report","volume":"5","author":"Srivastava","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2025082801343616000_12.1.e227540.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0665.1000113","article-title":"From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome)","volume":"02","author":"E. 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