{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:44:08Z","timestamp":1780368248444,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute oesophageal necrosis, also known as \u2018black oesophagus\u2019, is a rare condition characterised by the black discolouration of the oesophageal mucosa on endoscopy and involves the distal oesophagus in majority of cases but may also extend proximally. A number of conditions are found to be associated with it and it is thought to occur due to a combination of hypovolaemia and inadequate oesophageal protective mucosal barrier function. Gastric secretions may have a direct effect on the oesophageal mucosa. We present a case of a woman who presented with haematemesis and significant hypotension after a session of haemodialysis. Black oesophagus was confirmed on esophagogastroduodenoscopy. She was given two units of packed red blood cells and one unit of platelets, and started on a pantoprazole infusion. However, despite rigorous attempts at resuscitation the patient failed to recover.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-227967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,27]],"date-time":"2019-02-27T06:16:16Z","timestamp":1551248176000},"page":"e227967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Comprehensive review of acute oesophageal necrosis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4850-0309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqas","family":"Ullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital - Jefferson Health, Abington, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asif","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital - Jefferson Health, Abington, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"Micaily","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Abington Hospital - Jefferson Health, Abington, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Saeed","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, THQ Hospital Talash, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39690-4","article-title":"Changes in the esophagus in 1,000 autopsy specimens","volume":"68","author":"Postlethwait","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.2","first-page":"1599","article-title":"[Esophageal necrosis of vascular origin]","volume":"45","author":"Etienne","year":"1969","journal-title":"Sem Hop"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i26.3219"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(90)90844-Q","article-title":"Acute necrotizing esophagitis","volume":"98","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr-2018-225197","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-225197","article-title":"Acute oesophageal necrosis: a rare but potentially fatal association of cocaine use","volume":"2018","author":"Ullah","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3382-1","article-title":"Black esophagus: new insights and multicenter international experience in 2014","volume":"60","author":"Gurvits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6584363","article-title":"An Unusual Cause of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Acute Esophageal Necrosis","volume":"2016","author":"Kalva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Gastrointest Med"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.187159","article-title":"Acute esophageal necrosis: an update","volume":"8","author":"Inayat","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2016.9","article-title":"The black esophagus: a rare but deadly disease","volume":"3","author":"Shafa","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep J"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.10","first-page":"154","article-title":"Acute oesophageal necrosis (black oesophagus)","volume":"108","author":"Galt\u00e9s","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Esp Enferm Dig"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v4.i2.56","article-title":"Black esophagus syndrome associated with diabetic ketoacidosis","volume":"4","author":"Rigolon","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2015.87","article-title":"Acute esophageal necrosis presenting with henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"3","author":"Iorio","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep J"},{"key":"2025082800441485000_12.2.e227967.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajg.2015.05.002","article-title":"A case of acute oesophageal necrosis (AEN) in a hypothermic patient. 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