{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T22:10:21Z","timestamp":1774908621217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocardial calcification is a rare and life-threatening condition. It has been associated with a myriad of causes, including ischaemic heart disease, cardiac surgery, rheumatic fever, and myocarditis. However, this entity is less well recognised in the setting of toxic shock syndrome. Published medical literature is scarce with regard to the pathogenesis and clinical implications of this potential association. We chronicle here the case of a patient with myocardial calcification secondary to toxic shock syndrome from our clinical experience. Furthermore, a systematic literature search of the medical databases PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted. A total of 17 cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The data on patients\u2019 characteristics, epidemiology, clinical features, comorbid conditions, diagnosis, clinical course and outcome were collected and analysed. The present review outlines our current understanding of the epidemiology of and risk factors for sepsis-related myocardial calcification, the pathophysiology of this condition and currently available approaches to diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-228054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T04:26:26Z","timestamp":1547180786000},"page":"bcr-2018-228054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Myocardial calcification secondary to toxic shock syndrome: a comparative review of 17 cases"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Talha","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Medical Center - Midtown Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7576-7319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faisal","family":"Inayat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland Medical Center - Midtown Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taha","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cleveland Clinic - Fairview Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960130410"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2796.2000.00588.x","article-title":"Left ventricular calcification following resuscitation","volume":"248","author":"Lapatto-Reiniluoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000064670"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-003-0816-0"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RTI.0b013e31806ad289"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.111.962183"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-014-0128-z","article-title":"Rapidly developed diffuse myocardial calcification 13 days after septic shock in a hemodialysis patient","volume":"3","author":"Tominaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.8","first-page":"409","article-title":"Cardiac calcification following severe sepsis: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Akbas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Anesth Clin Res"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.019178"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcct.2017.09.016","article-title":"Incidental CT finding of myocardial calcifications following severe septic shock","volume":"12","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14302\/issn.2641-5518.jcci-17-1509","article-title":"Rapid calcification of myocardium as sequela from severe sepsis","volume":"1","author":"Kunz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Images and Case reports"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2016.11.002","article-title":"Calcificaci\u00f3n mioc\u00e1rdica: una complicaci\u00f3n excepcional de la neumon\u00eda y la sepsis","volume":"53","author":"Torracchi Carrasco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archivos de Bronconeumolog\u00eda"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/JCPC.JCPC_29_17","article-title":"Left ventricular calcification following postpartum toxic shock syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Pak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex324","article-title":"Extensive myocardial calcification in septic shock and precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia","volume":"19","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"2025082801145258000_12.1.bcr-2018-228054.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e702","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003130","article-title":"Extensive myocardial calcification in critically ill patients","volume":"46","author":"Kapandji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2018-228054","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T08:15:00Z","timestamp":1756368900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2018-228054"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,10]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2018-228054"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2018-228054","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}}}