{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:54:20Z","timestamp":1760028860254,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Pneumomediastinum is more frequent in young men and usually presents in association with subcutaneous emphysema. It can occur in case of oesophageal or chest trauma, be iatrogenic or develop spontaneously, in case of emesis, coughing or forceful straining. Use of illicit drugs, such as cocaine, has been associated with multiple respiratory complications, including pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema. The pathogenesis of subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum after cocaine inhalation is not completely known, but it is thought that the physical manoeuvers used to increase its absorption and effect may lead to alveolar rupture, resulting in air escaping into the mediastinum and fascial planes of the neck and chest. Chest X-ray is usually diagnostic, but CT can be used as complementary study, allowing evaluation of adjacent structures. A case of pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after cocaine inhalation in an otherwise healthy man is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-229205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T09:00:17Z","timestamp":1571389217000},"page":"e229205","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema: complication of cocaine use"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Filipa de Sousa","family":"Costeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Marta","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2025082800374229000_12.10.e229205.1","first-page":"S44","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum","volume":"7","author":"Kouritas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2025082800374229000_12.10.e229205.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2008.04.067"},{"key":"2025082800374229000_12.10.e229205.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s12245-010-0205-9","article-title":"Pneumomediastinum from nasal insufflation of cocaine","volume":"3","author":"Kloss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"key":"2025082800374229000_12.10.e229205.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.274065144"},{"key":"2025082800374229000_12.10.e229205.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.01.002","article-title":"[Pneumomediastinum and cocaine use]","volume":"46","author":"Underner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"2025082800374229000_12.10.e229205.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.166.5.8615238"},{"key":"2025082800374229000_12.10.e229205.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Mufarrej F , Badar J , Gharagozloo F , et al . Spontaneous pneumomediastinum: diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. J Cardiothorac Surg 2008;3.doi:10.1186\/1749-8090-3-59","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-3-59"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-229205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T07:37:49Z","timestamp":1756366669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-229205"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"references-count":7,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,17]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2019-229205"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-229205","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}}}