{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:54:45Z","timestamp":1773017685591,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a case of a 23-year-old woman with dysphagia. She was reportedly newly diagnosed with HIV and had been initiated on antiretroviral treatment and tuberculosis (TB) prophylaxis. Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed an irregular, ulcerative oesophageal lesion. Subsequent histopathology revealed <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:italic>ycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> as well as <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                  <jats:italic>andida albicans<\/jats:italic>. A CT scan demonstrated widespread disease with miliary TB. She was subsequently initiated on antituberculous and antifungal medications. TB is one of the most common and deadly infectious diseases in the world, with the highest rates seen in the developing countries. It commonly occurs as an opportunistic infection of HIV. Despite its potential for systemic infection, infection of the oesophagus is incredibly rare, more so as a co-infection with candida. This case highlights the need to have a high index of suspicion in high risk groups, as early treatment is crucial in addressing this global health crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]],"date-time":"2019-11-02T10:06:19Z","timestamp":1572689179000},"page":"e231435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oesophageal tuberculosis with concomitant candidiasis: a rare cause of dysphagia"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-219X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nolitha Makapi Tisetso","family":"Morare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex, Klerksdorp, North West, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David Morris","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex, Klerksdorp, North West, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Appels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex, Klerksdorp, North West, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.1","unstructured":"WHO . Estimates of TB and MDR-TB burden. global tuberculosis control 2018. Geneva: WHO, 2018. www.who.int\/tb\/publications\/global_report\/en\/"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.2","unstructured":"Talavera W , Lessnau K , Handwerger S , et al . Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis. In: Tuberculosis: current concepts and treatment. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1994."},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3180","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20183746","article-title":"Rare presentation of TB oesophagus: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Reddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Surgery Journal"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.4","first-page":"498","article-title":"Et al. surgical outcome of osophageal tuberculosis secondary to mediastinal lymphadenitis in adults: experience from single centre in China","volume":"5","author":"Buqing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Thoracic Disease"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2006.09.025"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.6","unstructured":"National Tuberculosis Management Guidelines . Department of health, Republic of South Africa, 2014. Available: http:\/\/www.tbonline.info\/media\/uploads\/documents\/ntcp_adult_tb-guidelines-27.5.2014.pdf"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.7","first-page":"321","article-title":"An unusual cause of dysphagia: esophageal tuberculosis","volume":"19","author":"Welzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Gastrointestinal Liver Dis"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.8","unstructured":"World Health Organization . Global tuberculosis report. 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018."},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2147\/HIV.S176587","article-title":"Prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis among people living with HIV\/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: a systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mohammed","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV\/AIDS - research and Palliative care"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oesophageal tuberculosis: a rare cause of dysphagia","volume":"4","author":"Tharayil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Clinical Case Reports"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.11","first-page":"192","article-title":"Oesophageal tuberculosis: rare but not forgotten","volume":"53","author":"Momin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-5-447","article-title":"Dysphagia as a manifestation of esophageal tuberculosis: a report of two cases","volume":"5","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131375.21070.06"},{"key":"2025082801294786000_12.11.e231435.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.87114","article-title":"The immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"56","author":"Bosamiya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-231435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T08:29:54Z","timestamp":1756369794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-231435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2019-231435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-231435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}}}