{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T06:46:03Z","timestamp":1784184363324,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Modafinil is a non-amphetamine stimulant that is prescribed for narcolepsy-associated sleepiness as well as reported off-licence uses among university students looking to improve wakefulness and focus. There is limited information in the medical literature about supratherapeutic modafinil dosage, symptomatology and management of overdose. We report a case of a healthy 32-year-old man who was found unconscious, having vomited, with an empty modafinil blister strip. At the emergency department, he presented with reduced Glasgow Coma Scale and prolonged episodes of vomiting. This acute presentation was conservatively managed in the intensive care unit. Antibiotics were also given for a suspected aspiration pneumonia. CT of the head showed cerebral oedema and biochemistry investigations revealed hyponatraemia. Result aetiology was unclear, however, it has been theorised to be secondary to a sizeable modafinil overdose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-234530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T02:05:11Z","timestamp":1594001111000},"page":"e234530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hyponatraemia and cerebral oedema due to a modafinil overdose"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rohan Oliver","family":"Kandasamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, Avon, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktorija","family":"Kaminskaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Student, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4773-790X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Injury Rehabilitation Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, Avon, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301534"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-010-0017-6","article-title":"A retrospective review of supratherapeutic modafinil exposures","volume":"6","author":"Carstairs","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Toxicol"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.3","unstructured":"No author listed . Modafinil (Provigil): now restricted to narcolepsy [Internet], 2014. Available: https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/drug-safety-update\/modafinil-provigil-now-restricted-to-narcolepsy [Accessed 11 Sep 2019]."},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0152-7"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.2807","article-title":"Trends in on-label and off-label modafinil use in a nationally representative sample","volume":"173","author":"Pe\u00f1aloza","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105969"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.7","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency . Assessment report for modafinil containing medicinal products, 2011."},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1657830","article-title":"Management of overdoses of loperamide, gabapentin, and modafinil: a literature review","volume":"12","author":"Reinert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.9","article-title":"Acute severe hyponatremia as a serious health implication of herbal Detox regimens","volume":"10","author":"Soliman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050340"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650802175595","article-title":"Toxicity from modafinil ingestion","volume":"47","author":"Spiller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.27550","article-title":"Unsuccessful suicide attempt of a 15 year old adolescent with ingestion of 5000 Mg modafinil","volume":"5","author":"Neuman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med"},{"key":"2025082711260161000_13.7.e234530.13","article-title":"Dependence on supratherapeutic doses of modafinil: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Kate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-234530","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T18:26:07Z","timestamp":1756319167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-234530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,5]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2020-234530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-234530","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}}}