{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:25:04Z","timestamp":1793039104764,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Bloody tears or haemolacria is a rare clinical entity. It is caused by various ocular and systemic conditions. Haemolacria due to vicarious menstruation is even rarer. In this article, we presented a case of cyclical episodes of bloody tears coinciding with menstrual cycle in a 25-year-old married female patient. Extensive physical, ophthalmological and radiological evaluation failed to reveal other potential causes of her complaint. A diagnosis of ocular vicarious menstruation was made and she was treated with oral contraceptive pills. No such episode recurred during 3 months follow-up period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-237294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T10:51:26Z","timestamp":1615287086000},"page":"e237294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Rare case of red tears: ocular vicarious menstruation"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6441-645X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumitra","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudheer","family":"Tale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Handa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine, PGIMER, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(72)90223-2","article-title":"Vicarious menstruation","volume":"114","author":"Dunn","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.2","unstructured":"Roy FH . Ocular differential diagnosis. 4th edn. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1989: 120\u20131."},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horn S . Acta Ophthalmol (Kbh) 1977;55:132.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1977.tb06102.x"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.4","unstructured":"Duke-Elder S . System of ophthalmology. 5th edn. London: Henry Kimpton; 1965. Hynek. Konnersreuth, London, 1932."},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000309082","article-title":"Bloody tears from an orbital varix","volume":"182","author":"Bonavolont\u00e0","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(82)90147-7","article-title":"Bloody tears","volume":"93","author":"Eiferman","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1987.01060110035019"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(73)90829-5","article-title":"Bloody tears from epistaxis through the nasolacrimal duct","volume":"75","author":"Banta","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drug facts and comparisons. 1997 edition St. Louis 1997:326\u201341.","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503616752-019"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.10","first-page":"593","article-title":"Bloody tears due to congenital factor VII deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Slem","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3181c4e3bf","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the conjunctiva: case report","volume":"27","author":"Yazici","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.85404","article-title":"Munchausen syndrome masquerading as bleeding disorder in a group of pediatric patients","volume":"33","author":"Sridharan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-225151","article-title":"Haemolacria in a 22-year-old boy","volume":"11","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.55.7.487"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3928\/0191-3913-19880901-13","article-title":"Ocular vicarious menstruation","volume":"25","author":"Barat","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.16","article-title":"[A case of vicarious menstrual bleeding from the conjunctiva]","volume":"107","author":"Tarasova","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vestn Oftalmol"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000000811","article-title":"A case of idiopathic bilateral Hemolacria in an 11-year-old girl","volume":"33","author":"Sobol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31815c9053","article-title":"Presumed nasolacrimal endometriosis","volume":"24","author":"T\u00fcrk\u00e7\u00fco\u011flu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e3182937527","article-title":"Orbital vicarious menstruation","volume":"30","author":"Dua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.124.9.1361"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00421-3"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1991.tb02038.x","article-title":"Occult haemolacria in females","volume":"69","author":"Ottovay","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082708375254000_14.3.e237294.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.95762","article-title":"Ocular tissue responses to sex hormones","volume":"16","author":"Bajwa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-237294","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:38:00Z","timestamp":1756309080000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-237294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2020-237294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-237294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}}}