{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T18:40:05Z","timestamp":1756320005115,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                  <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic> is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes urogenital tract infections, and ocular infections including trachoma, neonatal conjunctivitis and adult chlamydial inclusion conjunctivitis. A positive <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> diagnosis in children often raises suspicions of sexual abuse. While outer membrane protein A (<jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic>) genotypes A\u2013C are non-invasive and are associated with trachoma; <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> genotypes D\u2013K are often associated with sexually transmitted urogenital infections or sexually acquired chlamydial conjunctivitis. A 10-year-old female presented with a 7-month history of unilateral conjunctivitis with itching, watering and hyperaemia. She had recently moved from an urban centre in Afghanistan to the UK. A conjunctival swab taken from the child tested positive for <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>. Application of <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> genotyping to conjunctival swab chlamydial DNA demonstrated that the <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> had an <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> genotype C. Chlamydial strains with this <jats:italic>ompA<\/jats:italic> genotype cause trachoma and have never previously been associated with urogenital infection. This result supported cessation of child protection investigations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-238871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]],"date-time":"2021-03-29T11:15:40Z","timestamp":1617016540000},"page":"e238871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reducing suspicion of sexual abuse in paediatric chlamydial conjunctivitis using <i>ompA<\/i> genotyping"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitul","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Abbott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.30"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_870_16","article-title":"Chlamydial eye infections: current perspectives","volume":"65","author":"Satpathy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_16_341","article-title":"Molecular typing of Chlamydia trachomatis: an overview","volume":"35","author":"Rawre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.4","unstructured":"WHO . World Health Organisation fact sheet: trachoma, 2020. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/trachoma; [Accessed 20 May 2020]."},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.2.528-530.1994","article-title":"Improved PCR sensitivity for direct genotyping of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars by using a nested PCR","volume":"32","author":"Lan","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.6","first-page":"CD001211","article-title":"Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis","volume":"145","author":"Sheikh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200008033430507"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e473","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0000000000001449","article-title":"Chlamydia conjunctivitis in 2 prepubertal children: an uncommon presentation of child sexual abuse","volume":"36","author":"Brownell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Emerg Care"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.72.3.203"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-009624"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-2947"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415615443"},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.13","unstructured":"Rogstad K , Thomas A , Williams O . United Kingdom national guideline on the management of sexually transmitted infections and related conditions in children and young people \u2013 2010; clinical effectiveness group, British association for sexual health and HIV. Available: https:\/\/www.bashhguidelines.org\/media\/1081\/2674.pdf [Accessed 14 Jan 2021]."},{"key":"2025082711100437000_14.3.e238871.14","unstructured":"CDC . STD treatment guidelines. MMWR, Vol. 64(RR3), 2015. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/rr6403a1.htm [Accessed 14 Jan 2021]."}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-238871","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T18:10:13Z","timestamp":1756318213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-238871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2020-238871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-238871","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}}}