{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:25:13Z","timestamp":1784946313953,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A 16-month-old, healthy, asymptomatic male child presented with a diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiovascular examination and chest radiograph were normal. ECG revealed sinus rhythm, and the augmented vector left lead showed raised ST segment, T wave inversion and q waves. Echocardiography showed a globular left ventricle with notched cardiac apex, abnormal echogenicity in the left ventricular apical myocardium, single papillary muscle and normal biventricular function. Cardiac MRI scan revealed a globular left ventricle with fibrofatty changes and retraction of the apex, the papillary muscles closely approximated, and the right ventricle wrapping around the apex of the left ventricle. This is described as isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia. Diagnosis of this rare entity can be made by MRI, and it has been diagnosed largely in adults. The pathophysiology and long-term outcomes are unknown. We characterise the echocardiography findings of this rare anomaly in a child for the first time in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-239297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T13:16:12Z","timestamp":1611839772000},"page":"e239297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia in a young child"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1504-778X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H Ravi","family":"Ramamurthy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Army Hospital (Research & Referral), Delhi, India"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Cardiology & Grown Up congenital heart diseases, Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onkar","family":"Auti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ruby Hall Clinic, Pune, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vimal","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Viralam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Grown-UpCongenital HeartDiseases, Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, Bangalore, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-11-11"},{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ppedcard.2007.08.013"},{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.746503"},{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/AC.68.3.2983433","article-title":"Left ventricular apical hypoplasia: a case series and review of the literature","volume":"68","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol"},{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2012.01741.x","article-title":"A plump and fatty heart: isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia","volume":"29","author":"Tumabiene","year":"2012","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-007-0459-4","article-title":"Mr imaging of isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia","volume":"37","author":"Marin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2010.05.014","article-title":"Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia: a newly recognized unclassified cardiomyopathy","volume":"23","author":"Patrianakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"key":"2025082701482955000_14.1.e239297.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-8932(10)70209-8","article-title":"Isolated left ventricular apical hypoplasia","volume":"63","author":"Mel\u00e9ndez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-239297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T08:48:39Z","timestamp":1756284519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-239297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2020-239297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2020-239297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}