{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:05:52Z","timestamp":1756339552351,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report a case of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic> complex immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (MAC-IRIS) in a patient with HIV positive. Initial presentation was that of a purpuric purple macular rash in-keeping with Kaposi sarcoma as an AIDS defining illness. Three weeks following the initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) she developed chest pain, dry cough and fever. A diagnosis of MAC was made through imaging and sputum cultures and appropriate treatment was initiated. Despite adequate management with evidence of good immunological and virological response, the patient represented with persistent symptoms. Repeat CT of the chest confirmed worsening lymphadenopathy with necrosis. Given these findings, a diagnosis of MAC-IRIS was made with resolution of fever after corticosteroids were initiated. This case highlights the importance of considering MAC as a cause of IRIS in severely immunosuppressed patients with HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-241813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T12:05:20Z","timestamp":1630670720000},"page":"e241813","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Complexity of <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i> complex immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (MAC-IRIS) in a patient with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Thelma","family":"Xerri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Casha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Fsadni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Unit, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082710293074000_14.9.e241813.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-6405-4-9"},{"key":"2025082710293074000_14.9.e241813.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)04352-3"},{"key":"2025082710293074000_14.9.e241813.3","unstructured":"14.0 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) \/ paradoxical reactions [Internet]. 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