{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:09:26Z","timestamp":1787162966245,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) is known to occur from several infectious and non-infectious aetiologies. Among the infectious aetiologies,\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an organism known to cause community-acquired pneumonia, has not been reported in association with DAH prior to this case. On the other hand, vaping, an evolving epidemic concern, has been linked to various types of lung injury, including DAH. However, DAH related to vaping is only limited to several case reports. Our case describes\n                    <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    pneumonia with DAH in a patient known to have vaped until the night prior to elective lobectomy for lung cancer and developed DAH within 24 hours of hospitalisation. He subsequently recovered with treatment. DAH requires immediate recognition, and healthcare providers need to be aware that neither haemoptysis nor decrease in haemoglobin level is necessarily associated. Prior to diagnosis, empirical treatment with intravenous steroids and antibiotics can be life-saving.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-242701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T12:40:17Z","timestamp":1623760817000},"page":"e242701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage secondary to\n                    <i>haemophilus influenzae<\/i>\n                    in a vaping patient"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aahd","family":"Kubbara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feras","family":"Hawari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Johnkoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Aspirus Wausau Hospital, Wausau, Wisconsin, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2013.74.4.151","article-title":"Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage","volume":"74","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai H , Smith J , Williams MD . Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage. In: Hyzy R , McSparron J , eds. Evidence-Based critical care. Cham: Springer, 2020: 253\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-26710-0_33"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-012-9431-7","article-title":"Infectious diseases causing diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in immunocompetent patients: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"191","author":"von Ranke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.120728","article-title":"Etiology and anti-microbial sensitivity of organisms causing community acquired pneumonia: a single hospital study","volume":"2","author":"Menon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.5","first-page":"47","article-title":"Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: how relevant is etiology?","volume":"36","author":"Alexandre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.6","article-title":"Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage secondary to hydralazine-induced Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ther"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.7","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cocaine-induced diffuse alveolar hemorrhage: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"99","author":"Dushay","year":"2016","journal-title":"R I Med J"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.110.5.1305"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.09.026","article-title":"Inhaled tranexamic acid for hemoptysis treatment: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"54","author":"Wand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.085","article-title":"Vaping-related acute parenchymal lung injury: a systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Jonas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"2025082707063047000_14.6.e242701.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015078","article-title":"Risk factors of postoperative acute lung injury following lobectomy for nonsmall cell lung cancer","volume":"98","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-242701","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T14:06:39Z","timestamp":1756303599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-242701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2021-242701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-242701","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}}}