{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:29:47Z","timestamp":1787783387996,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report a case of a woman from Thailand, living in Malta, who was diagnosed with concomitant tuberculosis (TB) and HIV with depleted CD4 count. Her case was further complicated by the formation of a fistula between the mediastinal lymph nodes and the oesophagus, an unusual finding but for which she had many risk factors. The diagnosis was suspected on CT scan of the thorax and confirmed via upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Following the commencement of both anti-TB and antiretroviral therapy, she suffered a lapse of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome but with aggressive medical management eventually made a full recovery without the need for surgical intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-242907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T12:09:40Z","timestamp":1630670980000},"page":"e242907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oesophagomediastinal fistula: a rare complication of tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Nedkov Gambin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah Marie","family":"Vella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Vella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Schembri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.1","first-page":"4630","article-title":"Oesophageal fistula due to tuberculosis in HIV patients: report of two cases","volume":"28","author":"Santamar\u00eda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Colomb Radiol"},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(96)00471-7"},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2003.140"},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2019.08.007","article-title":"\u201cEsophagomediastinal fistula presenting as drug resistant tuberculosis\u201d","volume":"67","author":"Sasikumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.175.2.2326472","article-title":"Esophageal fistulas associated with mycobacterial infection in patients at risk for AIDS","volume":"175","author":"de Silva","year":"1990","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.6","unstructured":"Treatment of persons living with HIV | Treatment | TB | CDC n.d. Available: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/topic\/treatment\/tbhiv.htm [Accessed 21 Jul 2021]."},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2016.03.002","article-title":"Tuberculosis-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Lanzafame","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425742"},{"key":"2025082707543842000_14.9.e242907.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2019.08.007","article-title":"\"Esophagomediastinal fistula presenting as drug resistant tuberculosis\"","volume":"67","author":"Sasikumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-242907","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T14:54:45Z","timestamp":1756306485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-242907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2021-242907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-242907","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}