{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:03:56Z","timestamp":1756425836644,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An open thoracic window involves the creation of a semi-permanent pleural-cutaneous connection to treat chronic organising empyemas, bronchopleural fistulas and postpneumonectomy empyemas in patients too ill for video-assisted thoracic surgery decortication. An Eloesser flap is a type of open thoracic window. Antibiotics have made the use of Eloesser flaps and other open thoracic windows for treatment of empyemas rare. Consequently, not much is known about the chronic complications of open thoracic windows. However, structural compromise of vasculature secondary to chronic inflammation has been previously proposed as a mechanism for spontaneous pulmonary haematomas related to anatomic deformation. We depict a case of spontaneous pulmonary arterial bleed presenting as chest wall haemorrhage due to a chronic modified Eloesser flap.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-245741","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T11:48:08Z","timestamp":1648813688000},"page":"e245741","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pulmonary Artery Bleed from an Eloesser flap"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chandni","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham Reed","family":"Ellington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Okorodudu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3458","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.06.147","article-title":"Massive hemoptysis in pulmonary infections: bronchial artery embolization","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5334\/jbsr.1838","article-title":"Systemic versus pulmonary bleeding in lung infection: value of CT in two cases","volume":"103","author":"Kadou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Belg Soc Radiol"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.06.41"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/CPM.0000000000000343","article-title":"Hemothorax: a review of the literature","volume":"27","author":"Zeiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pulm Med"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.5","first-page":"109","article-title":"Pulmonary artery bleeding caused during VATS lobectomy","volume":"1","author":"Dunning","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2015-213144","article-title":"Spontaneous pulmonary haemorrhage into an existing emphysematous bulla","volume":"2016","author":"Withey","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.51.8335"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.57.5.487"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-016-1107-5","article-title":"Spontaneous pulmonary hematoma in a patient with sepsis treated with dual antiplatelet therapy","volume":"128","author":"Vlaovi\u0107","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2007.01095.x"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.180.6.1801740","article-title":"Pulmonary hematoma resulting from anticoagulant therapy","volume":"180","author":"Kaira","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1053\/j.optechstcvs.2010.03.003","article-title":"Eloesser flap thoracostomy window","volume":"15","author":"Denlinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oper Tech in Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1052-3359(02)00017-0"},{"key":"2025082803472071000_15.4.e245741.14","first-page":"31","article-title":"Use of Modified Eloesser Flap in the Management of Complicated Empyema Thoracis - 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