{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T20:20:20Z","timestamp":1781554820689,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A female patient in early 50s presented to us several months after developing severe visual loss in her right eye. The patient was diagnosed with resolved central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) based on the clinical picture at the time of presentation, however, retroactive evaluation of fundus imaging and further multi-disciplinary workup led to the rare diagnosis of combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion associated with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Only a few cases reporting retinal arterial and venous occlusions in patients with APS are found in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, no case of simultaneous CRAO and CRVO has been reported with APS. The patient was started on lifelong warfarin therapy to prevent a similar episode in the left eye. It is important to properly evaluate patients presenting with retinal vascular occlusions, as a missed diagnosis of APS can lead to recurrent and more devastating vascular events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-248425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T11:13:15Z","timestamp":1646392395000},"page":"e248425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Combined central retinal artery and vein occlusion associated with antiphospholipid syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5080-7943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roha Ahmad","family":"Choudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dean\u2019s Clinical Research Fellowship Programme, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5100-3189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M A Rehman","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bushra","family":"Moiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Haematology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saliha","family":"Ishaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783X-18-27","article-title":"Comorbidities in combined retinal artery and vein occlusions","volume":"18","author":"Schmidt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.17.5.324"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00918861"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.4","article-title":"Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on incidence and severity of retinal vein occlusion","volume":"171","author":"Pacella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ter"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.6","unstructured":"Green D . Pathophysiology of the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Thromb Haemost."},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.26719\/2004.10.4-5.627","article-title":"Antiphospholipid syndrome and retinal vein occlusion in adults","volume":"10","author":"Maaroufi","year":"2004","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000096521"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6248185"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2116_19","article-title":"Combined retinal vascular occlusion: demography, clinical features, visual outcome, systemic co-morbidities, and literature review","volume":"68","author":"Raval","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700685","article-title":"Central retinal vein and ophthalmic artery occlusion in primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Ang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0000000000000161","article-title":"Sequential central retinal vein and ophthalmic artery occlusions in a pediatric case of primary antiphospholipid syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Gelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309345751"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-4182(05)80126-7"},{"key":"2025082711285772000_15.3.e248425.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-04-848333"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-248425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T18:29:04Z","timestamp":1756319344000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-248425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2021-248425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-248425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}