{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:05:24Z","timestamp":1756339524441,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A female geriatric patient with major depressive disorder, current episode severe, received eight right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatments over the course of 3\u2009weeks. After her third treatment, she began experiencing brief visual hallucinations, each lasting less than 5\u2009s, consisting of dark to grey coloured, poorly defined geometric shapes and objects. These episodes occurred only during the day with no change in consciousness. With each additional treatment, the episodes increased in frequency, reaching a crescendo of approximately 20 episodes per day. After terminating ECT, the frequency of these episodes decreased and then ceased 6 weeks later. Neuroimaging and ophthalmological investigations discounted a space occupying lesion or vision loss. This case demonstrates a close temporal relationship between ECT and new onset visual hallucinations. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility that elderly depressed patients may develop visual hallucinations during a course of ECT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-248565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T11:50:22Z","timestamp":1647949822000},"page":"e248565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Visual hallucinations following electroconvulsive therapy for major depressive disorder"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4205-5857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayden P","family":"Nix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rookaya","family":"Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"O'Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akshya","family":"Vasudev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Psychiatry and Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030442"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.03.017"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.10.889"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12589","article-title":"Superior anti-suicidal effects of electroconvulsive therapy in unipolar disorder and bipolar depression","volume":"20","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00124509-200403000-00004"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12705-5"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCT.0b013e31815ef238"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119100500316"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/62983","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy - a case report","volume":"51","author":"Antosik-W\u00f3jci\u0144ska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Pol"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-859X-5-10","article-title":"ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient: a case report","volume":"5","author":"Janakiraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0582-1","article-title":"The Charles Bonnet syndrome: a systematic review of diagnostic criteria","volume":"21","author":"Hamedani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"2025082708570488000_15.3.e248565.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-019-0594-x","article-title":"Correction to: the Charles Bonnet syndrome: a systematic review of diagnostic criteria","volume":"21","author":"Hamedani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-248565","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T15:57:16Z","timestamp":1756310236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-248565"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2021-248565"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2021-248565","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}}}