{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T01:26:14Z","timestamp":1778549174415,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a rare case of a spontaneous indirect caroticocavernous fistula (CCF) in an early adolescent, who exhibited a 1-month history of redness, decrease in vision and proptosis of the right eye without a history of trauma or connective tissue disorder. An MRI of the brain and orbit and a digital subtraction angiography confirmed the diagnosis of Barrow type D CCF. The same was then treated with coiling and a liquid embolising agent using the transfacial venous route, resulting in complete obliteration. Reduction in conjunctival congestion with mild improvement in visual acuity was noted postprocedure. Complete recovery was noted at the 6-month follow-up visit. CCF, though rare in the paediatric population, should be highly considered in the differential diagnosis when the above-mentioned complaints are present. Early diagnosis and intervention have favourable outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-252149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]],"date-time":"2023-01-06T10:45:15Z","timestamp":1673001915000},"page":"e252149","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transfacial venous embolisation of a spontaneous indirect paediatric caroticocavernous fistula"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Saikanth Reddy","family":"Deepalam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnosis, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreyas","family":"Reddy Kankara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnosis, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clyde Richard","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnosis, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharath Kumar","family":"Goddu Govindappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiodiagnosis, St John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082803511570000_16.1.e252149.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.62.2.0248"},{"key":"2025082803511570000_16.1.e252149.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.240","article-title":"Carotid-Cavernous fistula: current concepts in aetiology, investigation, and management","volume":"32","author":"Henderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025082803511570000_16.1.e252149.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198102000-00011","article-title":"External carotid-cavernous fistula in infancy: case report and review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Pang","year":"1981","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2025082803511570000_16.1.e252149.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199007000-00018"},{"key":"2025082803511570000_16.1.e252149.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1067\/mpa.2000.110341","article-title":"Spontaneous dural cavernous sinus fistula in a child","volume":"4","author":"Skolnick","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Aapos"},{"key":"2025082803511570000_16.1.e252149.6","unstructured":"FHS L , Yuen HKL , Rao SK . Spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula in a pediatric patient: case report and review of literature. 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