{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T14:40:15Z","timestamp":1756305615049,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,26]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Colorectal cancer is currently the third most frequently diagnosed type of cancer and the second cause of cancer death in the western world. Inflammatory bowel disease patients are 2\u20136 times more likely to develop CRC than the general population. Patients with CRC arising through Inflammatory Bowel Disease have an indication for surgery. However, in patients without Inflammatory Bowel Disease, the use of organ (rectum) preservation strategies after neoadjuvant treatment is on the rise, which means that patients are able to keep the organ without the need for complete excision, either by treatment with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, or in combination with endoscopic or surgical techniques that allow local excision without the need for resection of the entire organ. The patient management approach known as the Watch and Wait programme was first introduced in 2004 by a team from S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil. This approach suggested that patients who had an excellent or complete clinical response after neoadjuvant treatment could defer surgery and instead undergo Watch and Wait. This organ preservation technique became popular because it allowed patients to avoid the complications associated with major surgery while achieving similar oncological outcomes to those who underwent both neoadjuvant therapy and radical surgery. Following completion of neoadjuvant treatment, a decision to defer surgery is made based on whether a clinical Complete Response can be achieved, which means there is no evidence of tumour in clinical and radiological examination. The International Watch and Wait Database has published long-term oncological outcomes for patients treated with this strategy, and more patients are showing interest in this treatment option. However, it is important to note that up to 1\/3 of patients selected for Watch and Wait may eventually require surgery for local regrowth (also known as \u2018deferred definitive surgery\u2019) at any time during follow-up after an initial \u2018apparent\u2019 clinical Complete Response. Compliance with a strict surveillance protocol ensures early detection of regrowth, which is usually amenable to R0 surgery and provides excellent long-term local disease control. Nonetheless, it is crucial to assess the perioperative consequences of having surgery for regrowth later and whether there are any negative effects from deferring surgery. Currently, the Watch and Wait strategy is recommended in the NCCN guidelines for clinical complete responders and only in specialised multidisciplinary centres.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>There is no case in the literature that portrays the use of the Watch and Wait programme for patients with inflammatory bowel disease and rectal cancer.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The authors intend to present a case that demonstrates the difficulties in the assessment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, the risks of using radiotherapy in this patients and the challenges of surveillance for patients with colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2022-252562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]],"date-time":"2023-07-10T12:36:39Z","timestamp":1688992599000},"page":"e252562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Watch and Wait for rectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2918-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Gon\u00e7alves Moreira de","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8380-4722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto Ignacio","family":"Herrando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oriol","family":"Pares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amjad","family":"Parvaiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digestive Surgery, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-019-1926-2","article-title":"Colorectal cancer in inflammatory bowel disease: review of the evidence","volume":"23","author":"Keller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000141194.27992.32"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31078-X","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of clinical complete responders after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer in the International Watch & Wait Database (IWWD): an international multicentre registry study","volume":"391","author":"van der Valk","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182a25c4e"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2019.04.006","article-title":"Salvage surgery for local regrowths in Watch & Wait - are we harming our patients by deferring the surgery?","volume":"45","author":"Nasir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2013.12.012"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.7","first-page":"53","article-title":"Current management of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer","volume":"4","author":"Mattar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastrointest Cancer Res"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4148","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i30.4148","article-title":"Colorectal cancer surveillance in inflammatory bowel disease: practice guidelines and recent developments","volume":"25","author":"Clarke","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001666","article-title":"Does IBD portend worse outcomes in patients with rectal cancer? A case-matched analysis","volume":"63","author":"Alsughayer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000010","article-title":"Low toxicity in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy","volume":"38","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(99)00374-0"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.12","first-page":"18","article-title":"Current surgical strategies in the management of rectal cancer","volume":"15","author":"de Azevedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep"},{"key":"2025082707045337000_16.7.e252562.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bulcan.2018.02.005","article-title":"Radiation therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. 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