{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T17:10:02Z","timestamp":1756314602087,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We report five discrete episodes of group B streptococcus (GBS) bacteraemia in an extremely premature infant, extending into early childhood. The first four episodes occurred during infancy despite appropriate treatment. Breastmilk was positive for group B streptococcal 16S DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The fifth episode occurred at 17 months of age, shortly after stopping antimicrobial prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Radiological investigations did not identify a focus for recurrence of GBS bacteraemia, and immunological investigations and targeted whole genome sequencing yielded only transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy, which resolved.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This case highlights invasive GBS infection as a cause of infant morbidity. Premature infants are at particular risk of invasive as well as recurrent disease. GBS is typically a sensitive organism and each episode of GBS in our patient was effectively treated with penicillin. The role of breastmilk in recurrent GBS is controversial; in this case infant and mother isolated identical GBS serotypes and were concurrently treated with rifampicin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-255216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]],"date-time":"2023-07-28T13:01:00Z","timestamp":1690549260000},"page":"e255216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Recurrent group B streptococcus infection in an extremely premature infant: as a preterm neonate, infant and toddler"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ina","family":"Schim van der Loeff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1368-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christo","family":"Tsilifis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"},{"name":"Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Abdelhafiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatalogy, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleri J","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082709294571000_16.7.e255216.1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30555-3"},{"key":"2025082709294571000_16.7.e255216.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02725.x"},{"key":"2025082709294571000_16.7.e255216.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohlsson A , Shah VS . 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