{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T10:10:03Z","timestamp":1756375803220,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,6]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>COVID-19 has a wide range of clinical manifestations. Apart from respiratory symptoms, neurological manifestations and cognitive impairment are commonly seen. Due to lack of a clear consensus on the definition of long COVID a pragmatic approach of assessing change from neurological baseline has become prevalent. We present the case of a high functioning woman in her late 40s who had a mild course of acute illness but developed cognitive difficulties. No organic causes for her cognitive difficulties were found. Neuropsychological testing showed impairment in right frontal lobe functioning. The patient showed a response to empirical treatment with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications. Repeat neuropsychological testing 1 year later showed continued dysfunction in executive functioning. We present the details of her test findings and discuss the proposed pathophysiology behind neurocognitive effects of long COVID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-256711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T12:41:00Z","timestamp":1713357660000},"page":"e256711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term cognitive effects of COVID-19 studied with repeated neuropsychological testing"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Beverly","family":"Matthews","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Illinois Neuropsychological Services at A&E Behavioral Healthcare Associates, Decatur, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashima","family":"Datey Chakrabarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Medicine-Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arindam","family":"Chakrabarty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S316708","article-title":"\u201cThe conundrum of \u201clong-COVID-19\u201d: a narrative review\u201d","volume":"Volume 14","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJGM"},{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.04.006"},{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645","article-title":"Assessment of cognitive function in patients after COVID-19 infection","volume":"4","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12644"},{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.03.019"},{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.25593.1","article-title":"SARS\u2010Cov\u20102 Meta\u2010Interactome suggests disease\u2010specific, autoimmune pathophysiologies and therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Bellucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91705-Q","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"342","author":"Poirier","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025082802533828000_17.4.e256711.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stefanou M-I , Palaiodimou L , Bakola E , et al . 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