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Pathological findings showed demyelinating lesions and glial cells with mildly enlarged nuclei, accompanied by T-lymphocytes, neutrophils and plasma cell infiltration. The CD4+\/CD8+ratio was 0.83. High-dose corticosteroid therapy was effective for inflammatory PML lesions, and the administration of mefloquine combined with mirtazapine led to favourable outcome. The encephalitis in this case is considered to have occurred secondarily to JCV infection in the presence of HTLV-1 infection. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the presence of HTLV-1 in order to understand the aetiology of this brain inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-257805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T11:56:38Z","timestamp":1714478198000},"page":"e257805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Inflammatory progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 coinfection"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8442-4948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sachiko","family":"Hasebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kota","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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