{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T07:10:31Z","timestamp":1756365031258,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A woman in her 40s known to have systemic lupus erythematosus presented with a maculopapular rash on her face, neck and chest following measles exposure. She had received a single-dose measles vaccine as a child in the 1970s and was therefore presumed to be immune, and thus not infectious. As a result, she was initially managed in an open bay. Measles virus IgM antibody in serum was undetectable; however, measles virus RNA was subsequently detected in throat swab by PCR, which is consistent with current infection. Measles is one of the most transmissible diseases in the world and cases are rising both in the UK and globally. Our case and literature review highlight the risk of vaccine failure in measles, especially in people who have not received two doses of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. It also highlights the challenges in diagnosing measles in previously vaccinated individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-259429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T23:50:18Z","timestamp":1719964218000},"page":"e259429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measles in the vaccinated host"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8431-399X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Stout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London Hospitals, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology, Infection & Immunity Department, Northwest London Pathology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5214-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiranee","family":"Sriskandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London Hospitals, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2020.08.002","article-title":"Measles immunity and immunosuppression","volume":"46","author":"Griffin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02004-3"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104430","article-title":"Measles is back \u2013 considerations for laboratory diagnosis","volume":"128","author":"Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.4","unstructured":"World Health Organisation . Measles outbreak toolkit. 2022. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/outbreak-toolkit\/disease-outbreak-toolboxes\/measles-outbreak-toolbox#:~:text=Suspected%20case%3A,care%20worker%20suspects%20has%20measles"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16049","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.49","article-title":"Measles","volume":"2","author":"Rota","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-015-0506-5","article-title":"The Reemergence of measles","volume":"17","author":"Abad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7246a3"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.8","unstructured":"World Health Organisation . History of measles vaccination. 2023. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/history-of-vaccination\/history-of-measles-vaccination#:~:text=Enders%20and%20his%20team%20tested,for%20public%20use%20in%201963"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.9","unstructured":"World Health Organisation . Framework for verifying elimination of measles and rubella. 2013."},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.10","article-title":"Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and Varicella in children","volume":"4","author":"Di Pietrantonj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2844","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o2844","article-title":"Measles is now \u201can imminent threat\u201d globally, WHO and CDC warn","volume":"379","author":"Iacobucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009588"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3390\/v13101982","article-title":"Measles in vaccinated people: epidemiology and challenges in surveillance and diagnosis in the post-elimination phase","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez-Perea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.12.071","article-title":"Predicting localised measles outbreak potential in Australia","volume":"33","author":"Wood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine (Auckl)"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813001532"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821000868","article-title":"A large outbreak of measles in the West Midlands, England, 2017-2018: descriptive epidemiology, control measures and lessons learnt","volume":"149","author":"Mulchandani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong C . Measles outbreaks cause alarm: what the data say. Nature New Biol 2024. doi:10.1038\/d41586-024-00265-8","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00265-8"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9040402","article-title":"MMR vaccine attitude and uptake research in the United Kingdom: a critical review","volume":"9","author":"Torracinta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1927722","article-title":"Measles, mumps, rubella prevention: how can we do better?","volume":"20","author":"Kauffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.20","unstructured":"UK Health Security Agency . National measles guidelines. 2024. Available: https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/6616573be49ee0998d3ea70a\/National_measles_guidelines_April2024.pdf"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1318-5","article-title":"The introduction of 'no jab, no school' policy and the refinement of measles Immunisation strategies in high-income countries","volume":"17","author":"Trentini","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081567","article-title":"Breakthrough infections: a challenge towards measles elimination","volume":"10","author":"Fappani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899003222"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00406-12"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004616","article-title":"The epidemiology of measles in Poland: prevalence of measles virus antibodies in the population","volume":"125","author":"Janaszek","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.26","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control . Poland: recommended Vaccinations [ECDC]. 2022. Available: https:\/\/vaccine-schedule.ecdc.europa.eu\/Scheduler\/ByCountry?SelectedCountryId=166&IncludeChildAgeGroup=true&IncludeAdultAgeGroup=true&SelectedVersionId=45"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1071\/HC13093","article-title":"Previous vaccination modifies both the clinical disease and immunological features in children with measles","volume":"5","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Prim Health Care"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.04.009"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu105"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1107685","article-title":"Vaccine-preventable infections in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"12","author":"Murdaca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key142","article-title":"Antibody status against measles in previously vaccinated childhood systemic lupus erythematosus patients: a prospective case-control study","volume":"57","author":"Maritsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.32","unstructured":"United Kingdom Health Security Agency . Guidelines on Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for Measles. Public Health England, 2019."},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.33","first-page":"2200634","article-title":"An Interregional measles outbreak in Spain with Nosocomial transmission","volume":"28","author":"Pampaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025082723325554000_17.7.e259429.34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21888"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-259429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T06:33:06Z","timestamp":1756362786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-259429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2023-259429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-259429","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}}}