{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T15:26:13Z","timestamp":1772465173034,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,4]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A man in his late 50s presented with a gradually enlarging, painless, reddish mass on the white portion of his left eye for 2\u2009weeks. His best-corrected visual acuity was 20\/20 in both eyes. Slit-lamp examination showed a congested, nodular, elevated lesion on the temporal bulbar conjunctiva with two pustule-like elevations. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography showed a subconjunctival solid mass rather than an abscess or a cyst. Scleral deroofing was performed and a long thread-like object resembling a dead worm was identified. The worm was removed intact, and its histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of <jats:italic>Dirofilaria<\/jats:italic>. Peripheral blood smear did not show any microfilariae. No recurrences or new lesions were observed during the follow-up examinations at 1 and 5\u2009months post-surgery. This case highlights the importance of considering a parasitic aetiology in cases of nodular or infectious scleritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2023-259519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T23:46:04Z","timestamp":1716421564000},"page":"e259519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Subconjunctival <i>Dirofilaria<\/i> masquerading as nodular scleritis"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Saloni","family":"Sinha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy for Eye Care Education, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2407-7787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilpa","family":"Tarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shantilal Shanghvi Cornea Institute, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8594-6126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavik","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vitreoretina and Uveitis Service, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dilip K","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.1","first-page":"231","article-title":"Human Dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000","volume":"42","author":"Pampiglione","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00012-12"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2470_21","article-title":"Krishna SM et al clinicopathological study of parasitic lesions of the eye and ocular adnexa in a tertiary care ophthalmic center in South India","volume":"70","author":"Mahesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.4","first-page":"20","article-title":"Conjunctivitis by Dirofilaria conjunctivae","volume":"24","author":"Joseph","year":"1977","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.5","first-page":"123","article-title":"Conjunctival abscess due to Dirofilaria conjunctivae","volume":"71","author":"George","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Indian Med Assoc"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.6","first-page":"77","article-title":"Battu RR et al human ocular Dirofilariasis in Kerala Southern India","volume":"43","author":"Sekhar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.7","first-page":"244","article-title":"Subconjunctival Dirofilariasis in India","volume":"32","author":"Nadgir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_697_20","article-title":"Dirofilariasis presenting as scleritis: a report of two cases","volume":"68","author":"Kamath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2002.47","article-title":"Subconjunctival infection with Dirofilaria repens","volume":"55","author":"Gautam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.10","first-page":"235","article-title":"A case of subcutaneous Dirofilariasis of the eyelid in the South Indian state of Kerala","volume":"52","author":"Ittyerah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol (Poona City)"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S0255-0857(21)03088-7","article-title":"Human Dirofilariasis","volume":"21","author":"Bhat","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.15290","article-title":"A case of periocular Dirofilariasis masquerading as a lid tumour","volume":"53","author":"Mahesh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.13","first-page":"691","article-title":"Dirofilariosis in dogs & humans in Kerala","volume":"121","author":"Sabu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.19899"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-3026.37050","article-title":"Case report: orbital Dirofilariasis","volume":"18","author":"Smitha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.16","first-page":"294","article-title":"Vijayalakshmi subcutaneous Dirofilariarepens: a report of two cases","volume":"20","author":"Raju","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kerala J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.17","first-page":"202","article-title":"Worm wobble: subconjunctival Dirofilaria","volume":"21","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kerala J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1097\/ICB.0b013e31815e93f5","article-title":"Live intraocular Dirofilaria causing multifocal choroiditis","volume":"3","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Retin Cases Brief Rep"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.59213"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/0255-0857.71836","article-title":"Human subcutaneous Dirofilariasis in India: a report of three cases with brief review of literature","volume":"28","author":"Khurana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-011-0039-2","article-title":"Subcutaneous human Dirofilariasis","volume":"35","author":"Joseph","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.97247","article-title":"Human Dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens in southern India","volume":"2","author":"Kotigadde","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.97965","article-title":"Dirofilaria in the anterior chamber: a rare occurrence","volume":"19","author":"Chopra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s12348-012-0078-6","article-title":"A case of subconjunctival Dirofilariasis in South India","volume":"2","author":"Bhat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.91343","article-title":"Subconjunctival Dirofilariasis mimicking scleritis: first report from Western India","volume":"60","author":"Sangit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.92880","article-title":"Orbital Dirofilariasis","volume":"5","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.101650","article-title":"Ocular Dirofilariasis: still in the dark in Western India","volume":"58","author":"Sahdev","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0348-8","article-title":"Human Dirofilariasis: an emerging Zoonosis in India","volume":"39","author":"Kini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2013.814684","article-title":"Periocular Dirofilariasis mimicking Lacrimal SAC mucocoele","volume":"32","author":"Pauly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.114111","article-title":"Periorbital Dirofilariasis\u2014clinical and imaging findings: live worm on ultrasound","volume":"61","author":"Gopinath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.149868","article-title":"A rare case of anterior chamber Dirofilariasis","volume":"8","author":"Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3109\/01676830.2015.1099692","article-title":"Periocular Dirofilariasis: a case series","volume":"35","author":"Bhat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_847_16","article-title":"An unusual presentation of Lacrimal gland Dirofilariasis","volume":"65","author":"Sethi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.34","first-page":"DD09","article-title":"Ocular Dirofilariasis: a rare case from Mumbai, India","volume":"11","author":"Agrawal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2018.07.015","article-title":"Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis of the eyelid","volume":"75","author":"Mani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001415","article-title":"Subconjunctival Dirofilariasis presenting as orbital Cellulitis","volume":"35","author":"Shambhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_79_19","article-title":"Rare cause of floaters: a motile live worm in vitreous cavity","volume":"67","author":"Rajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1727532","article-title":"Extensive chorio-retinal damage due to Dirofilaria repens-report of a case","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2705.203599","article-title":"Eosinophilic meningitis and intraocular infection caused by Dirofilaria SP","volume":"27","author":"Jyotsna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0521","article-title":"Freely mobile ocular worm hiding away from the light","volume":"105","author":"Preetam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmmb.2023.100388","article-title":"Ocular Dirofilariasis: a report from Odisha","volume":"45","author":"Shaikh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.4103\/IJO.IJO_830_23","article-title":"Removal and identification of a Subconjunctival parasite by light and scanning electron microscopy","volume":"71","author":"Jha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol (Poona City)"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.138541","article-title":"Subconjunctival Dirofilariasis: case studies with review of literature","volume":"4","author":"Bhat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091551","article-title":"Animal and human Dirofilariasis in India and Sri Lanka: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Thilakarathne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2022.2112700","article-title":"Role of anterior segment optical coherence tomography in Scleral diseases: a review","volume":"38","author":"Preetam Peraka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12069"},{"key":"2025082711564983000_17.5.e259519.47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0744","article-title":"Case report: successful treatment of a patient with Microfilaremic Dirofilariasis using Doxycycline","volume":"102","author":"Lechner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-259519","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T18:57:02Z","timestamp":1756321022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-259519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2023-259519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2023-259519","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1757-790X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}}}