{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T16:40:02Z","timestamp":1756312802320,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hirayama disease is a rare neurological disorder primarily affecting young males. This condition poses diagnostic challenges due to its subtle onset and progressive nature. Recognising the importance of early diagnosis is crucial to implementing timely interventions and improving patient outcomes. While Hirayama disease is considered rare, its exact prevalence remains unclear due to under-diagnosis and variability in presentation. Reported cases are more common in certain regions, notably East Asia, but occurrences have been documented worldwide. Despite its rarity, the impact of Hirayama disease on affected individuals can be significant, warranting increased awareness among healthcare professionals.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>The key message of this case report is to highlight the utility of electrodiagnostic studies, particularly electromyography and F wave analysis, in aiding the diagnosis of Hirayama disease. By emphasising the significance of recognising specific electromyographic patterns, this report aims to facilitate early identification and intervention, thereby improving patient management and quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2024-261822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T02:25:54Z","timestamp":1743647154000},"page":"e261822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electrodiagnostic studies in the diagnosis of Hirayama disease: a focus on early identification"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yogesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AIIMS Patna, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIIMS Patna, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5749-2865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athira Sindhu","family":"Bhuvanachandran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIIMS Patna, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nirangjhana","family":"Sivasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology, AIIMS Patna, Patna, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.1","first-page":"5839761","article-title":"Hirayama Disease: A Rare Disease with Unusual Features","volume":"2016","author":"Anuradha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol Med"},{"unstructured":"Lay S , Gudlavalleti A , Sharma S . Hirayama disease. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2024. Available: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK499913\/","key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.2"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.3","first-page":"452","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical features of hirayama disease in a large cohort of chinese patients: a multicenter study","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1159\/000508994","article-title":"Monomelic Amyotrophy (Hirayama Disease): A Rare Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Al-Hashel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep Neurol"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.5","first-page":"721","article-title":"The mechanism of hirayama disease: a comprehensive review of current pathophysiological hypotheses","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.6","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3277"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811943","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.811943","article-title":"Update on the Pathogenesis, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hirayama Disease","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.211797","article-title":"Hirayama\u2019s Disease: A Rare Clinical Variant of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"Aundhakar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Biomed Res"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.9","first-page":"255","article-title":"Early electrodiagnostic markers in hirayama disease: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.10","first-page":"651","article-title":"MRI findings and clinical manifestations in 51 patients with juvenile muscular atrophy of the distal upper extremity (hirayama disease)","volume":"74","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.11","first-page":"173","article-title":"Cervical collar therapy for juvenile muscular atrophy of distal upper extremity (Hirayama disease): results from 38 cases","volume":"41","author":"Tokumaru","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"2025082709221690000_18.4.e261822.12","DOI":"10.1080\/14660820500396877"}],"container-title":["BMJ Case Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/syndication.highwire.org\/content\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2024-261822","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T16:22:22Z","timestamp":1756311742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/lookup\/doi\/10.1136\/bcr-2024-261822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1136\/bcr-2024-261822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2024-261822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1757-790X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1757-790X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}}}