{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,27]],"date-time":"2025-08-27T16:10:12Z","timestamp":1756311012505,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"BMJ","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmj.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["BMJ Case Rep"],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Orofacial complex regional pain syndrome (O-CRPS) presents a diagnostic challenge due to its overlap with other orofacial pain conditions. This case report highlights the value of a multidisciplinary approach in managing a patient with chronic and unexplained facial pain.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This case report aims to illustrate: (1) the application of a multidisciplinary approach in diagnosing and managing O-CRPS within the Saudi healthcare system, and (2) the effectiveness of the Self-Training Educative Pain Sensation (STEPS) model in managing O-CRPS.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Case description: A woman in her early 20s presented with left-sided facial pain and motor\/autonomic symptoms following a facial injury. Extensive evaluations by various specialists excluded underlying structural pathology. A diagnosis of O-CRPS was established based on Budapest criteria. The STEPS model was implemented for treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Intervention: The STEPS model, a four-component intervention (pain education, graded motor imagery, sensory exposure, facial muscle exercises), aimed to reduce allodynia, normalise motor control and restore important functional activities.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>Outcomes: Initial pain medications were ineffective. The STEPS model intervention significantly improved pain, function and overall quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>This case report emphasises the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosing O-CRPS and the potential benefits of the STEPS model in managing this complex condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2024-263910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T01:05:24Z","timestamp":1745975124000},"page":"e263910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multidisciplinary approach and the Self-Training Educative Pain Sensation (STEPS) model for managing orofacial complex regional pain syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1136","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5375-0583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Aldera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, King Saud University College of Applied Medical Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hatem Askar","family":"Alkhaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, King Saud University College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mutaz","family":"Felemban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine, King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Alaraik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"239","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025082708391218000_18.4.e263910.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2024.2334398","article-title":"A brief review of complex regional pain syndrome and current management","volume":"56","author":"Abd-Elsayed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2025082708391218000_18.4.e263910.2","unstructured":"Dey S , Guthmiller KB , Varacallo M . 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